Book Analysis on “New York Burning” Essay

New York Burning is a book written by Jill Lepore narrating a story about parts of history in New York City. The book implies as to how single sort of slavery made such type of liberty in New York during 18th century, as NY was considered a dazzling city as the people will see such paved streets with parks and beech trees shading like of parasol with good oysters as there can be miserable truth of having no freedom. As the author of the book mentions that the city of New York has become city of slavery as it happened and having two hundred slaves being alleged of conspiring to blaze each structure and assassination of the whites as the book mentions that there were men and women being sold into slavery in the Caribbean and the alleged ringleaders were hanged and pardoned. Thus, there were enslaved men and women being conspired that involved deep indication of evidence as there is worth of survival and excavation as the conspiracy of the slaves will imply the casting of violent shadow as it parallels to the political scene. Slavery was then a political issue but, what occurred in New York suggests that there was exertion of authoritative influence dealing to the political existence as the slaves were being suspected of conspiracy as the book describes in the first two chapters. There was emergence of political parties but there are also those critical months of having political antagonism by means of burning black men in a sudden motion. The readers of New York Burning will be able to learn such immense situations concerning the politically-inclined ruthless English immigrant, by the name of Daniel Horsmanden as the court justice at the New York Supreme Court as Daniel played a crucial role for the transmutation of sequences relating to robberies as well as disbelieving fires and Horsmanden has shaped the past memory of terrible and not known incidence. EVALUATION The author of the book, Jill Lepore then rescue Horsmanden from darkness and places him on trial in the horrible burnings as well as hangings carried out through justice in Lepore’s creative retelling of catastrophic events as Lepore saw New York’s unstable political days and certain ideas informed as it is crucial for the understanding of the plot jolt as Lepore believes that what transpired during the year 1741 was clear in light of continuing the discussion regarding freedom and slavery that originated in 18th-century English political civilization in New York City. The parallelism amid the challenge over the accurate to utter opinion in publishes and desire of slaves to expand personal liberty that was outstanding to the people. Amicably, Lepore succeeded in persuading her readers about the flow of logical sanctions in looking at the city of New York as there was the presence of the enslaved blacks determined to be heard as there supposition of political adversary as frightening as it was. There was Lepore’s expedition into the characteristics of New York City that includes such wellbeing and hygiene issues as well as the job routine of imprisoned men. The author of New York Burning demonstrated a well-developed communications system having the major node at Comfort’s glowing joined by discrete slaves mutually. Whether the country’s blacks were being far connected than the whites had think of as there ever conspired in committing the actions as emotional that remain unlock question. In the book, Horsmanden was being keen to provide credibility to assumption that mayhem was intended and subtly unlikely acknowledgment of the African Americans who were frantic to set aside the value of life but, such possible criminals in view as to whom Horsmanden had documented as the well-known individual Catholics have twisted in obliterating as there was the alleged evidence of Catholic scheme as personified in person of John Ury, another arbitrator that allocated responsibility for disaster in New York into overarching Catholic scheme. Moreover, Jill Lepore discerns diverse plots of unlike degree of likelihood as Lepore train her interests on plots that encouraged the New Yorkers to agree in placing of bereavement of many slaves and deport of others and there downplays the position of non-Catholic emotion within catastrophe that occurred. Thus, Lepore’s New York Burning has done a marvelous post of demystifying Horsmanden’s powerful manuscript and changes how the people believe about years in the history of New York as one important theme that Lepore pursues, is the unsafe lawful events that positioned stern limitations on civil liberties of the black defendants as they had nix right to have guidance and if Horsmanden is envoy, there can be ridiculed evidence as disliked. Moreover, in the book, Lepore had discovered certain religious timbre as the author noted that few slaves like for instance, the Portuguese-influenced Angola and Kongo had come across the presence of Christianity in African region. Henceforth, Jill Lepore explained and discussed the labor of Anglican catechist and has portrayed how several Protestants opposed the initiation of slaves because of fear that it can impudent the belief for freedom. Furthermore, Lepore seems to float along with unreeling story of scheme as can be partially true and adding up the drama as Lepore merge her voice with the witnesses. Aside, Lepore reported on rules and made criminals of priests ingoing the settlement of terror in New York of a lurking offshore. Amazingly, Lepore offers no clear conclusion about whether there was really a plot of Horsmanden’s diary having approval but still there is less doubt that the action case was bogus as the author of the book has also shed grave hesitation on veracity among confessions in viewing that prosecutors have urge admission as best way for accused in run off for his finish. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the book was well-written and thoroughly researched that has a gripping account of proceedings that led to the bonfires of the Negroes as the author’s description is vibrant and challenging and has evoke New York in its ethical and corporeal scruffiness within vision of freedom. Upon its ending, there were thirteen slaves being burned and seventeen being dangled and hundreds were locked up as Lepore writes the prison is like the hull slave craft and argued that some slaves were plotting alongside masters of Masonic ceremonies and masquerade priests. In New York Burning, Jill Lepore describe theatrical events with better breaking study as there explores the social climate of epoch but, Lepore noticeably show how danger of black revolt had united the white pluralities of cultural panic and aggression. Thus, Lepore’s meticulous research confronted the reader with dreadful ending as the respected citizens will permit to death of humans as the author, Lepore provide the reader with better milieu on approaches of New York whites headed for slaves and Lepore has done magnificent job of past investigation and understanding and straddling better column amid accepted work and works of educational account. Therefore, Jill Lepore’s use of the position and instance is motivating and Lepore’s account of New York Burning has brought useful awareness behind the beautiful story it has given to the readers of history. New York Burning by Jill Lepore was really an eye-catching book endowed by masterpiece encircles with lush mind’s eye in exceptional blend that is phenomenal learning and terrific writing as Lepore implies that the. New York Burning informs a matter of terrible story in city which was bloody than Salem along the pursuits of slavery with development of actions that surrounds the American Revolution denoting a serious instances from within the book content. I agree that New York Burning was an exceptional book by Jill Lepore that has exposed the dismay of slavery as the book describes in immense facet of independence in lieu to slavery realities in New York. Then, Lepore pointed out the fear of slave rebellion as a reliable theme all throughout the days within colonies. Reference: Lepore, J. (2005). New York Burning: Liberty, Slavery and Conspiracy in Eighteenth-Century Manhattan About the Author Jill Lepore is a Professor of History at Harvard University and also the author of The Name of War: King Philip’s War and the Origins of American Identity both won the Bancroft Prize and Phi Beta Kappa’s Ralph Waldo Emerson Award. Jill Lepore is contributor to The New Yorker and resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Ethical Marketing Essay

Ethical marketing refers to the marketing of products and services that adhere to principles of honesty and social responsibility. Generally the projection of beneficial qualities of products and services are used in marketing to appeal to the needs of and wants of customers. (Pride and Ferrell, 2000) The needs of customers however may represent an adherence to certain ethical or social values that go beyond a mere biological need. While ethical marketing does not loose sight of the core value of appealing to the needs of customers, it projects social goods and values like human rights, animal rights, fair trade for developing countries, child labor and the environment as central to its strategy to win customers. The Body Shop for instance is noted for its insistence on not using animals for testing its cosmetic products. (Dennis, Neck, & Goldsby,1998) Thus though legally the use of animals for cosmetic testing is not prohibited, Body Shop seeks to appeal to the conscience of customers and by so doing achieve a customer loyalty base for its products. Another prominent example of the use of ethical marketing is the fair trade logo used to market products that have been sourced from developing countries. (Tiu, Wright, & Heaton, 2006) The issue of fair trade has become a pertinent ethical issue in international trade, thus marketing products with the fair trade logo serves to show the producer’s conscientiousness about helping poor producers in developing countries. Consumers who are eager to help poor farmers in developing countries are even willing to pay a higher price for a product with the fair trade logo. Issues of protection of the environment also play very important roles in ethical marketing. Companies who contribute to forestation projects in places like the Amazon are eager to mention their contribution to such projects when marketing their products.

The Seventeen-Article Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Seventeen-Article Constitution - Essay Example The Seventeen Article Constitution was written in a period of Chinese expansionism. Previously insulated from Chinese cultural and political influence because of geographical separation by the sea, the Japanese rulers noticed the Chinese with more concern as they made forays into the Korean peninsula. With a desire to consolidate their own government in a more structured and unified form, Shotoku sent his missions into China to study the centralized structure of the Tang kingdom. The results of these missions had a great influence on the constitution Shotoku was going to write. Even though there is no evidence that the constitution was promulgated practically as a law, it remained a guideline for how the rulers expected the standards of statehood to be and set the direction for future reforms, such as the Taika reforms (Lu 23). Two of the key precepts of the constitution were the rights of the sovereign and the establishment of a bureaucracy. These were both designed to change the then current structure from being clan-based to that governed by a central monarchy. In espousing the powers and rights of the monarchy, the constitution made undiluted references to the monarch being â€Å"likened Heaven† and if not obeyed â€Å"ruin will be automatically result† (Lu 24). The reference to the monarch being like heaven itself was borrowed from the Confucian descriptions of imperial government in China which emphasized the monarch’s status as being the link that creates â€Å"harmony† between â€Å"what is above† and â€Å"what is below† resulting in prosperity if obeyed (Kasulis 86). Supplementing the monarch based central government was the idea of a bureaucracy which was selected on merit rather than heredity. It may be pointed out that the entire Confucian theory was n ot used in the constitution and in the adaptation some elements were skipped. For example, in Confucianism, if the monarch did not rule as he was

The Task of Living a Sustainable Lifestyle is the Responsibility of Essay

The Task of Living a Sustainable Lifestyle is the Responsibility of the Individual, not Governments, Corporations or NGOs - Essay Example Having defined the basic concept of sustainable living, let’s now plunge deeper into the matter, giving special importance to the concept of carbon footprint. â€Å"A carbon footprint is a term used to describe a person's, family's, or company's impact on the environment around them† (Audet 2012, para.1). It involves the measurement of CO2 that we release in the atmosphere through our routine activities on daily basis. This CO2 is one of the greenhouse gases that are causing global warming. When we say that the task of living a sustainable lifestyle is the responsibility of the individual, we mean by this that it is the responsibility of every individual to be aware of his carbon footprint (Cambridgeshire Horizons 2011), and every person should take steps to minimize his carbon footprint (Amberlinks 2012, para.1-2), in order to make the environment go green (Blue 2012, para.1). Hence, it is not the responsibility of governments and NGOs to reduce people’s carbon footprints. When an individual is aware of this fact, he will make informed decisions to lesson down his negative impact on the environment. To make such decisions, the individual must first be aware of what impact his presence on the earth is creating on the environment. ... They must use one resource on multi-functional basis, like using one thing for many purposes. They must be able to fulfill their needs in more than one ways. They must use the productivity of the system to fulfill the requirements of other parts of the system. They must reproduce things in a way that is not destructive to nature. They must be resilient in their needs. When they have used their required resources, they should give the surplus to those who are in need of them. These are some of the ethical principles that must be considered when individuals carry out their responsibility of achieving a sustainable lifestyle. Potential attainment also requires that individuals carry out measures that reduce their impact on the system. It is known that, â€Å"The average American family of 2 generates about 41,500 lbs of emissions per year† (Audet 2012, para.3). This calculation has been done by web page calculators that calculate carbon footprints. By knowing this calculation, on e can make educated decisions about how to minimize his negative impact. Another thing that we can do in this context is making changes in energy efficiency. These changes are inexpensive, and thus convenient. For example, if we lower down the thermostat by two degrees in winters, and make it go up by two degrees in summers, we â€Å"can save as much as 2,000 lbs of carbon emissions and add up to nearly $100.00 a year in savings† (Audet 2012, para.4). We can also use energy savers that save lots of money and reduce the emission of CO2 in the atmosphere. These little changes that we can bring to the energy efficiency can guarantee our sustainable living. Other important changes that individuals can bring to their lifestyle, and that minimize carbon footprint are: bringing changes in diet;

Bauhaus and Modernism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Bauhaus and Modernism - Essay Example In the humming windowless hallway leading to his office, he stops in front of a metal box full of chilled metal cylinders. He inserts several polished silver disks into a slot and pushes one of the glowing square buttons to receive a modern marvel of preserved mass-produced liquid. Entering his office, he settles back into a tubular metal chair and grabs one of the antiquated but comforting newspapers waiting on a nearby projection of the wall that serves him as a desk. As he sips his drink and scans the headlines, an article draws his eye because it is contained within a slightly shaded box and uses bold, sans-serif letters. The words inform him that inflation is causing the economy to collapse. Anxious to protect the small space he calls his own, the man then turns to the electronic box sitting on his desk as a faster and more focused means of gaining essential information. As he waits for the flickering lights to settle on his rectangular screen, he suddenly thinks about how much of his world is shaped by boxes. He realizes that they make him feel mundane and standardized and inwardly blames the Modernist movement that was born out of the Bauhaus. If he took the time to follow that line of thinking, though, the man would learn that the Bauhaus and the Modernist movement were focused instead on ideas of comfort and creative familiarity. The earliest elements of what today’s experts refer to as characteristics of the modern period arose through the combined energies of the Arts and Crafts Movement.

CONTRACT LAW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CONTRACT LAW - Essay Example This is the basic definition and understanding of how a deal is formed. Following are the characteristics of deal: 1. Agreement between parties 2. Agreement for consideration of goods or services 3. Should be in a written format 4. Should have an offer and an acceptance to the same offer 5. Deal should be sufficient in nature 6. There should be damages if the deal does not take place As mentioned above, a deal starts with an offer made by one party, then the same offer has to be accepted in the language it was made by the other party.1 The characteristic of an offer consists of a consideration on both sides to the parties. Without consideration like money, service a deal/contract cannot e formed between the two parties. It is paramount that each and every deal consist of a consideration to do something or to not do something in return of the favor by the other party. Once the parties form the deal, the next step is to get it down in a written format so that the same can be challenged , and argued in a court of law. An oral deal does not stand any status or character in the court of law. Part 2 This part of the paper is divided into three questions. The first question is as follows: Advice Jay on his position: Jay had been given the power to run the business and saw an advert for a sale of Bankrupt stock in the warehouse. He decided to place an order for 500 Singing Santas from the warehouse and promised them that he will be at 7 to pick them up. However, when he arrived the stock has been sold to someone else. Applying the principles of contract law, at the outset, Jay saw an advert which was an invitation to offer and not an offer it totality. Following is the definition of invitation to offer: â€Å"invitation to treat – that is, an invitation for other people to submit offers. Some everyday situations, which we might think, are offers are in fact invitations to treat: Goods displayed in a shop window or on a shelf. When a book is placed in a shop wind ow priced at ?7.99, the bookshop owner has made an invitation to treat.† Understanding from the above definition, the advert in the warehouse was a merely invitation to offer and not an offer. Once Jay placed an order of 500 Singing Santas, he offered his willingness to purchase the bankrupt stock, and not vice versa. This means that the offer was made by Jay and not by the warehouse owners. The next step in this contractual relation is the acceptance of the offer. The warehouse owners were made an offer by Jay, and it was upto them to accept it or withdraw. As obvious from the facts, they withdrew the offer by selling the bankrupt stock to someone else. Therefore, there is no legal defense in this case for Jay. There is no breach of contract as there was no contract formed in the first place. b) After leaving, Jay bought a handful of flashing fairy lights and put it up on sale. When he put it on sale he had written a disclaimer saying that goods will not be refunded until and unless there is a defect with the object of purchase. There were three customers who were not happy with the purchase, and this part of the essay shall deal with each and every customer. Elena is the first distraught customer, who claims that the lights do not flash. This is a genuine defect with the goods and this falls within the ambit of the disclaimer written down by Jay. Therefore, Jay should refund Elena immediately. In the second case, Henry

The 'American Splendor' Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Essay

The 'American Splendor' Film By Pucini and Berman as Being Successfully Adapted from Harvey Pekar's Comic Book - Essay Example Harvey points out for instance, relating to photography versus hand-drawn images, that the difference is fundamental between the two. The latter are manual creations, while the latter are machine creations, being photographs. Now Harvey says that in essence machines have limitations in terms of not being able to render what hands can image wise. Machines are constrained to render nature, and not the creations of hands (Harvey, 1996, p. 175). Lefevre on the other hand says the same thing, and adds that the photography in film implies movement, whereas in drawn images the default is that of static frames. This presents fundamental problems in rendering drawn images as photographed moving images (Lefevre, 2007). Hight essentially deflects those objections via a discussion on genres and treatment. classifies 'American Splendor' as a drama-documentary, and the work itself has its focus both the art of Harvey Pekar, as reflected in the comic which has an eponymous title, or has the same name as the author, as well as the comic itself. Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key character and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on film. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey.... Drama-documentary implies realism and the use of the personal subjective perspective of the key character and of Pekar himself to render the comic series on film. In essence, with the use of the genre, the film is able to effectively render the static hand-drawn image unto film overcoming the objections of Lefevre and Harvey. The answer to the objections raised by Lefevre and Harvey, in other words, is the choice of the drama documentary and all that the genre implies in terms of filming technique and overall approach to film making, and Pekar's own vision of his art work as the rendering of images the same way that photographers take pictures realistically (Hight, 2007; Lefevre, 2007; Harvey, 1996). With regard to page layout for the comic and the image on one screen, Lefevre says that this is a problem because in comic books the reader dictates the pace and the images are at closer proximity to them. In film, the watcher has to move along in the pace dictated by the movie. The watc her is unable to leaf through pages like in comic books, linger on a page. The experience is not the same (Lefevre, 2007). Harvey says the same thing, that one page on a comic does not equate to several sequences in a film, or that there are difficulties in rendering unto the movie image, moving, a single comic page that can capture a series of movements or a meaningful snapshot of events (Harvey, 1996, p. 176). To this objection Hight basically says that the unique rendering of the film essentially means that the film is able to bridge the gap between the page layout of the film and the single image of the screen. To this he presents the case for the way the film makes use of a hybrid

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Information Warfare & Cyberterrorism - Case Study Example According to Hollis (2008), international cyber terrorism has made digital form of storage of information become an insignificant advancement. In this paper, three major cyberterrorism cases that have occurred around the globe will be reviewed. In the three cases, the victims, the aggressors and the motives behind the attacks will be highlighted. In this case the victim was Estonia. Major organizations in Estonia including the government were affected by this particular attack. Major websites in the government were disabled. Financial institutions in Estonia were also affected as their websites were jammed with foreign users (Traynor, 2007). The aggressor in this case was Russia. However, Russia did not take responsibility for the attack, but the victims claimed the attacks were traced back to Russia. Analysts also argued the bitter political rivalry between Russia and Estonia was enough to link Russia to this particular attack. NATO investigated the issue and it was accused of double standards since they refused to directly accuse Russia of the attacks (Traynor, 2007). Major websites in the government were hacked and they were accessible to many foreign people. Additionally, there was a viral attack which disabled many government websites which contained crucial information. To curb the cyber attacks, the government of Estonia and all the affected companies disabled all the affected websites. Additionally, the government disabled all foreign access to the country’s websites. It ensured that only domestic subscribers could view these websites. The victim in this case was Georgia. The county was having political confrontations with Russia, which lasted for many years. After a truce agreement was signed to stop military war between the two nations, the war shifted to cyber attacks. The attacks were politically instigated as Russia was directly blamed for the attacks. Unlike

Neoclassical era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Neoclassical era - Essay Example The other representative characteristic of the visual art of the period was the sculpture forms. An example of neoclassical architecture is the ‘national gallery of art’ in Washington DC and the ‘Lincoln memorial’ buildings. These buildings are considered representative of the neoclassical era because of their emphasis on walls and maintenance of separate identities to each of their parts (Bietoletti 82). The buildings appear to have been inspired by classical architecture from ancient Greece or Rome, and further get characterized by their tall columns that rise to the building’s full height and domed roofs. Examples of neoclassical music include ‘the soldier’s tale’ and ‘the firebird’ both composed by Igor Stravinsky, a famous neoclassical composer and musician. His music is representative of the era because it aimed at reviving earlier music forms such as those during the romantic and baroque period. The music avoided the complex forms and exaggerated gestures of the music witnessed during the late romantic period. The music focused on reintroducing a tonal center and a melodic element to bring out a clear form. The neoclassical era coincided with the age of enlightment. Artists during the period looked to draw inspiration from looking back at the art forms of classical times by emphasizing more on the classical ideals of rational control and order (Bietoletti 42). The attention paid to the past art forms ensured that these artists undertook a conservative approach in their

Type a Flight Essay Example for Free

Type a Flight Essay Type a Flight is a Warrington based travel agency which was established in 1995. It has approximately 500 customers and 10 employees. Type a Flight has a small shop which is situated in the center of Warrington in the midst of other small stores. Inside the shop the workers sit behind one long desk in a straight row. They have a phone line system which they use to communicate with the customers. Behind them are around 6 filing cabinets containing the details of all 500 or so customers which are arranged in alphabetical order. Every time a customer phones the member of staff taking the call gets out of his chair and looks through the cabinet to find the customers details. This procedure requires a lot of man work and is also very time consuming. My task is to help Type a Flight travel agency to make their things easier, for example to make a computerized database for them so it will be easier for them to find customer records/details. A database would also be easier to make a booking because if they had filing cabinets then it would be very time consuming in finding the persons flight or details. This could result in upsetting the customer or even losing the customer. Furthermore if they had a database they will have more customers because they will be able to work more efficiently. Currently all the letters are being written by hand. This takes a lot of time and the employers find it really difficult. The solution I had to this problem was that to make templates letters so that they dont lose any time and they can post it to the customers house so that it saves their time and also doesnt waste the staff time in writing the letters by hand. Research I have looked at one database which is called Type of Flight. It has things like if you already signed up or if not then you can register but only staff can use this database. Also it has things such as if you are recommended by a friend and if you want to recommend a friend. Database: Type a flight Comment: I looked at a switchboard called Type of flight and the logo is situated in the middle of the page. It has various buttons such as Enter ID, Search ID, Gender, D.O.B, Name etc. This makes the database faster and sufficient. When you press any button there should be a query box will appear so it will be easier to get to the detail. Also in this there are forms and queries. Forms are based on queries and the queries are based on the database. Tasks These are my five task that I have been appointed to do. * Getting information about the travel agency * Design a logo and a slogan for the travel agency * Create a database + Queries + Forms and final Switchboard * Create a letterhead and design letter templates * Writing reports at the end (User Guides) 1. Getting information about the travel agency I can get information from the travel agency by looking for their leaflets but I will not because it will waste too much time by looking for their leaflets. I can also get the information from the internet by going in their website but I will not do this because this will also waste time and if I do get the information this might not be reliable source. I will get information from the actual agency by going to their shop and I will do this because it will be sufficient and I could ask those questions as well and the information I will get will be reliable. The questionnaire I will use to interview the agency is given below: 1. Does your agency know how to use a computer? Yes No 2. Does your company know how to create a letterhead? Yes No 3. How do you think your company will cope with the new system? 4. Is your company trained properly? Yes No 5. How do you feel with the new system? 6. Do you think there is a better way to improve the system? 7. What are your opinions? 8. Does your company know how to create a template letter? Yes No 9. Do you think your company prefers the old system or the new system? 10. Why do you think this? 2. Create a database + Queries and Forms I can create a database by Microsoft Access but I will not because it is not made for that. I will create a database by Microsoft Excel because it easy to make databases and it is sufficient. 3. Design a logo and a slogan for the travel agency I can design a logo for the travel agency by various ways, I design the logo by hand but I will not because it will be drawn inaccurate and it might just waste too much time. I can also use Adobe Photoshop but this application is too complex. I will design the logo for the travel agency by using the application Paint. 4. Create a letterhead and design letter templates I can create a letterhead by hand but I will not because it doesnt look professional and it also time consuming. I can create a letterhead by notepad but I will not because it I cannot do some things, which are vital for me. I will use Microsoft word because this is the most sufficient application for me. 5. Writing reports at the end (User Guides) I can write a report at the end with my hand but I will not because I can make mistake. It will also be more time consuming. I can create my report at the by using an application called notepad but I will not because it also doesnt have things which are I need. I will write my report on the application Microsoft word because it has everything I need to write my report. Create a database + Queries + Forms and final Switchboard I can create this by using the application Microsoft Excel but I will not because it is not suitable for making switchboards and also it is not professional. I will create the database on Microsoft access because it is suitable for making switchboard. Create a letterhead and design letter templates I can create this by doing on hand because it doesnt look professional. I will create a letterhead on Microsoft Word because it will look professional and it will be much easier. Writing reports at the end (User Guides) I will create a user guide for people who do not know how to use a computer properly and in that user guide I will put pictures so the people who are reading it will find it easy. Input, Output, Process and Storage Now that I have researched hardware and I know what they are I can put them into different groups. Year 10 Create Queries Text Pictures Create Database Create Template Letters Switchboard Hard Drive Ease of use The final product that I will make is going to be easy because I have explained how I am going to get my information also the manual is going to easy to read and finally the manual will have a user guide with pictures so the person will have ease to read and understand and the user should have no difficulties to use the user guide. Also the final product that I will make will be easy for the company because it will have everything step by step also if the company employees do not still know how to use it then there will be pictures so the company will know how to use it.

The purpose of Corporate social responsibility

The purpose of Corporate social responsibility Corporate social responsibility (CSR) covers the responsibilities corporations have to the societies within which they are based and operate. More specifically, CSR involves a business identifying its stakeholder groups and incorporating their needs and values within the strategic and day-to-day decision-making process. Therefore, a business society within which it operates, which defines the number of stakeholders to which the organization has a responsibility, may be broad or narrow depending on the industry in which the firm operates and its perspective. There is still having other definitions for CSR. Such as, based on South China Morning Post, 2002, the notion of companies looking beyond profits to their role in society is generally termed corporate social responsibility (CSR). It refers to a company linking itself with ethical values, transparency, employee relations, compliance with legal requirements and overall respect for the communities in which they operate. It goes beyond the occasional community service action, however, as CSR is a corporate philosophy that drives strategic decision-making, partner selection, hiring practices and, ultimately, brand development. Beside, according to Archie B. Carroll, 1979, the social responsibility of business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of organizations at a given point in time. On the other hand, the Institute of Directors, UK, 2002, stated that CSR is about businesses and other organizations going beyond the legal obligations to manage the impact they have on the environment and society. In particular, this could include how organizations interact with their employees, suppliers, customers and the communities in which they operate, as well as the extent they attempt to protect the environment. CSR is a means of analyzing the inter-dependent relationships that exist between businesses and economic systems, and the communities within which they are based. CSR is a means of discussing the extent of any obligations a business has to its immediate society and also a way of proposing policy ideas on how those obligations can be met as well as a tool by which the benefits to a business for meeting those obligations can be identified. Today, companies permanently need to implement solutions aimed at generating competitive advantage that allow them to survive and be successful in ever changing and demanding markets. Therefore, to focus on customers is a common denominator for organizations, aiming to meet their needs and satisfy their expectations. Society has become one of the players as one of the actors that highly influence corporate behavior. Communities have expressed more mistrust of corporations because of various scandals. This has put business ethics in the spot light influencing companies to be good corporate citizens, respecting the law but also to create good social values and principles. Today, the level of demand goes beyond the direct impact of the organizations business to also incorporate how corporations can contribute to societal and environmental causes. For corporations, these activities are manifested through the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). However, from a corporate perspective, it is difficult to measure if these changes can have a positive impact on a firm. To analyse the companies financial performance, the profitability ratios such as profit margin, asset turnover, return on assets, return on common stockholders equity, earnings per share and price-earnings ratio had been used. Net profit margin is a widely used ratio in the assessment of company performance and in comparisons with other companies. A higher margin generally suggests good performance. For the AirAsia Berhad, in year 2007, net profit margin is 20.02% but it decreased to -13.35% in year 2008 and increased to 29.13% in year 2009. ChangHuat Corporation Berhad is having net profit margin 1.81%, -11.09% in year 2008 and -3.63% in year 2009. On the other hand, the return on capital employed is a fundamental measure of the profitability of a company. It is a popular indicator of management efficiency because it contrasts the net profit generated by the company with the total value of fixed and current assets which are presumed to be under management control. Therefore, the ROCE demonstrates how well the management has utilized total assets. The ratio for the year 2007 is 10.44% but decreased to -21.90% in year 2008 and increased to 34.82%. For the ChangHuat Corporation Berhad, the ratio for the year 2007 is 2.15%, -16.39% in year 2008 and -3.38% in year 2009. Besides, the return on equity is a measure of how well a company used reinvested earnings to generate additional earnings, equal to a fiscal years after-tax income divided by book value, expressed as a percentage. It is used as a general indication of the companys efficiency. In other words, how much profit it is able to generate given the resources provided by its stockholders. Investors usually look for companies with returns on equity that are high and growing. The ratio for the year 2007 is 20.28%, -30.93% in year 2008 and 19.32% in year 2009. But for the ChangHuat Corporation Berhad, it is having 1.16% in year 2007, -18.13% in year 2008, and -6.30% in year 2009. The inventory turnover is a measure of how much sales are generated by the capital asset base of a company. Although the ratio can act as a good guide to company performance, it can also be misleading. If the inventory turnover increases, either the total value of sales is increasing, or the capital asset base is decreasing, or both. If it is because sales are increasing, this might signify improved performance. The ratio of inventory turnover period for the AirAsia Berhad is -57.41days for the year 2007, -31.88days for the year 2008 and -24.88days for the year 2009. On the other hand, ChangHuat Corporation Berhad is -76.33days in year 2007, -66.59days in year 2008 and -29.76days in year 2009. Furthermore, earnings per share (EPS) indicates the amount of profit after tax, interest and dividends to preference shares has been earned for each ordinary share. AirAsia Berhad is earned RM 0.181 per share in year 2007, RM -0.211 per share in year 2008 and RM 0.206 in year 2009; ChangHuat Corporation Berhad is earned RM 0.0212 per share in year 2007, RM -0.2812 in year 2008 and RM -0.1183 in year 2009. Price earnings ratio is calculated using the current share price and current earnings. It is a measure of market confidence in the shares of a company. However, the market price also takes into account anticipated changes in the earnings arising from their assessment of a marco events such as political factors, economic factors and the market conditions. It is also influenced by company-related events. The ratio for the AirAsia Berhad is 8.84 in year 2007 and 6.70 in year 2009 but for the ChangHuat Corporation Berhad, it is only have 3.07 in 2007. Comparing these two companies, the financial performance of AirAsia Berhad is much better than ChangHuat Corporation Berhad. The net profit margin for AirAsia Berhad is more than 20% (but the year 2008 is having negative) but ChangHuat Corporation Berhad only have less than 10% and also having negative percentage in year 2008 and 2009. In conclusion, having more corporate social responsibility will lead company to have better performance.

Angina Pectoris :: essays research papers

Angina Pectoris   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angina pectoris is a medical condition that literally means a choked chest. The victim feels acute pain in his chest for a few seconds, and then it goes away. This occurs when myocardium cells, the muscle portion of your heart, are temporarily denied oxygen. At this stage they do not die, but maybe weakened. If left untreated and the disease continues, a serious condition known as myocardial infraction or commonly called a heart attack may occur. This can severely damage the heart's functionality. Which in turn effects our well being. We should be educated about the risks that go along with our cardiovascular system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most common cause of the condition angina pectoris is over consumption of cholesterol. This chemical is only needed in minute amounts, but is often eaten in every meal. In the body, cholesterol is responsible for the stability of plasma membranes of cells, and hormones are produced from it. If consumed at higher rate then needed it is stored in the tunica interna, the innermost layer, of blood vessels. As it is stored it starts to build up eventually clogging the vessel. As a result of this all cells feed by the vessel die because of a lack of oxygen. If this condition is found early, it can be corrected with surgical procedures or, in some minor cases, corrective procedures. Surgical procedures include bypass, laser and balloon surgery. In bypass surgery a vein is removed from the lower leg and a clogged vessel is worked around. Often in type of surgery the whole mid section of the body is cut and the ribs are pulled back, very painful with a very slow recovery. Some hospitals have now implemented a new technique where only a small hole is made and everything is done via a view screen. In balloon surgery a balloon is inserted into the vessel with the clog and is inflated. When this occurs the vessel is damaged, this causes the cells to repair the damage and clear the clog. This is not as successful as other surgery techniques and is often done several times before a positive result is seen. Laser surgery is the most recent development. Here they use a laser to actually scrape the build up from the vessel. This surgery is one of the most expensive surgeries available today. Corrective procedures include changes in lifestyle. These can include food intake, exercise, and stress-related issues. Food intake is largely the answer to correcting this situation. As shown above excessive intake of cholesterol can increase the risk of a heart attack.

Letter to My Family :: Disease Outbreak Health Essays

Letter to My Family To My Family, Where do I begin? I don't know how many Shelly's piano concerts I missed for this stupid job. Shelly, if you're reading this, I am really sorry. I wish I could make amends but there simply isn't enough time. Jacob, I am sorry I have to leave you even before I would see your first steps. Diana, my sweetheart, loving wife of 10 years, I owe you the most. All those nights that I stumbled home drunk. All those times that I hit you. I am sorry. I am a monster. I guess I do deserve to die like this. Last month I didn't even know where the hell Zaire was. All I knew was that it was some poor backwards nation in Africa that we sold water filters to. Funny how things turn out, I am going to die in this god forsaken place. Twenty people in this village have died. The rest that haven't probably wish they were. David is already dead. Honey, you remember David right? That junior assistant in our department I told you about? I never liked him. He died first too. Serves that prick right. He wanted to tag along on this trip hoping to attain "valuable sales experience." Always kissing up to the boss, that's David. He started complaining about soreness and a headache. Then the day before he died, he vomited all over my briefcase after lunch. We thought he was just complaining as usual four nights ago, but in the morning we found him in his hut dead. I will never forget that sight. His eyes and mouth were both wide open and trails of dried blood ran from them. At first, we th ought one of the villagers poisoned us or something. But then, one of the villagers started screaming as loud as he could. He stumbled and ran in the woods afterwards. We never saw him again. I knew this was bad news already. But it only got worse. The UN folks showed up wearing suits that looked like they were taken straight out of a movie or something. They were all covered up and some of them even had oxygen masks. They prodded David like a dead cow and even stuck a few needles into him.

The Definition of Success :: Definition Essays

The Definition of Success 'One has achieved success who has lived well and laughed often.'; This quote seems to sum up what is meant by success. If you are able to laugh often and much then you have definitely achieved happiness. The idea of living well, though, is a very broad statement. In order, then, to define success in relation to this statement, we must first define what it means to live well. There are three levels of success, in my opinion: societal success, personal success, and academic or professional success. If someone can achieve all of these three levels of success, they are someone who has lived well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Societal success is something that is attained by aspiring to reach your own goals and dreams in cohorts with the goals that society has for us. Societal success also has a lot to do with the natural tendencies we as humans posses. The typical societal goals that we would naturally have for ourselves would be to meet someone, fall in love and get married. We are also apt to identify having good friends with having achieved socially. We have achieved societal success, typically, if we have met the right person, lived happily, started a family and raised our children well. A part of societal success is also to learn to treat people well; to practice the 'golden rule.'; We need to fill these goals that society has for us and attempt to achieve societal success in order to fill our need to belong to society and fit in as an every day, functioning member of society. We also realize the personal goals and dreams that we set for ourselves in this pursuit of conformity. A chieving this civic success, as you might call it, is only a small part of our venture to living well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Personal success is also a big part of living well. 'There is only one success . . . to be able to spend your life in your own way, and not to give others absurd maddening claims upon it.'; This quote by Christopher Morley describes what is really meant by personal success. Personal success has to do with being happy. One can only be truly happy if they are happy and secure with themselves. Personal success is about being yourself and not being afraid to do so. It is about not letting others dictate your life or make you feel that you have to change who you are.

Conclusion The combination of biased emotional sentences Essay

â€Å"It’s very hard to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this. And no matter where you run into it, prejudice obscures the truth. † This quote from the â€Å"12 angry men† is, probably, the best sum of the bias’s meaning in the movie. Most of the jurors have their own prejudices and some of them play the important role in the movie’s plot. 12 angry men and the role of bias One of the main ideas of this film is that people’s bias often affects on their opinion. The last part of the movie proves this idea clearly. The most biased is juror 3. After the vote 8-4 â€Å"Not guilty† most of the arguments are aimed on his persuasion but juror #3 resists these attempts. At last he confesses he is biased against the young men because of his own conflict with his son. Even when 11 jurors found the boy to be not guilty, the juror #3 doesn’t agree. He is sure that the boy shouldn’t even tell to his father â€Å"I’m gonna kill you,† but the roots of his opinion go back to his own son who punched him in the face. Another biased person is juror#10. His sentences are full of racism and intolerance. He reveals his biases in the following words: â€Å"I’m telling ya, they let those kids run wild up there. Well, maybe it serves ’em right. † Conclusion The combination of biased emotional sentences and the deductive reasonable arguments makes the dialogues in the movie breathtaking and the plot dynamical. References â€Å"12 angry men† – Movie Quotes. Retrieved at http://www. cinemasavvy. com/moviequotes/1/12angrymenquotes. html

The Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster

RISK CASE STUDY – ASSIGNEMENT 2 August 3, 20111 THE SPACE SHUTTLE CHALLENGER DISASTER Risk Management Plan 1. Risk management plan summarizes risk management approach, list methodologies and processes, defines everyone’s role – definition of risk management plan. NASA was using for the most part qualitative risk assessment process. Launch of the shuttle was allowed as long as aggregate risk remained acceptable. Quantitive method was applied for risk assessment because if the complex procedures (like data gathering) were in place NASA would be buried with paperwork.NASA’s culture was flying with acceptable risk. There was Risk Management Plan in place for NASA because there was risk assessment and protocols in place but due to excessive nature of most of NASA’ projects waivers became a way of conducting business. As described in the NASA Handbook, hazards (risks) were analyzed and overseen by the Senior Safety Review Board. Each identified risk was c lassified by an established system, based on both the risk’s level of criticality on a scale of one to three (C1, C1R, C2, C2R, and C3).However, their review process contended that no single risk or combination of risks would be enough to prevent a launch, as long as the aggregate risk remained at an acceptable level. 2. The Risk Management Plan was not followed. Methods used to gather data to assess risk were expensive and labour intensive and so were the procedures (Flight Readiness Reviews. To keep up with mission manifest schedule – 16 flights per year any) issues had to be resolved fast (waivers).Once a risk was declared acceptable, it was overlooked during future mission planning sessions. Additionally, they didn’t have proper procedures for evaluating the impact of unknown risks (i. e. the ice problem). Lastly, protocol stated that one risk or one person’s concern was not enough to cancel the launch. A no launch recommendation by one party could ha ve been overruled by the launch director. 3. Differences: a. Risk Management Plan is the outcome of Plan Risk Management Process and describes how risk management is structured and performed.It includes methodology (approach, tools, data source), roles and responsibilities (lead, support), budget (resources, protocol for contingency resource), timing (when and how often process is performed), risk categories (RBS), definition of risk probability and impact (high, medium, low), probability and impact matrix, risk stakeholders’ tolerance. b. Quality Assurance Plan describes how quality assurance will be performed within project to allow for reducing â€Å"waste† and eliminating processes that do not add value.It is meant to increase level of efficiency. c. Safety Plan A safety plan is an organized system of rules and guidelines used to maintain safe work environment. 4. Pressure to meet schedule – sixteen flights a year in 1986 meant that all involved will have to face paperwork constraints related to flight readiness assessment. Personnel and contractors were working overtime already trying to fill out all necessary paperwork related to problem solving, investigations and last flight updates.Waivers were part of NASA protocols to bypass all of this plus they were a way to indicated that risk was acceptable. Number of flight per year was critical to designing risk management plan because of all similarities between flights like temperature; launch condition could become predictable factors to determine acceptable risk. Risk Identification 5. Risk is uncertain event associated with work, it is a loss multiplied by likelihood that may have impact on the project. There are three common categories of risks: controllable knowns, uncontrollable knowns, and unknowns.Anomaly is a deviation from the standard. Project manager and team define a baseline and decide the difference based on definition of anomaly provided by subject matter experts (enginee rs). 6. NASA had Flight Readiness Review few days prior to flight. Risk identification at NASA was conducted by Senior Safety Review Board. In majority of cases risk assessment process was qualitative. If aggregate risk remained acceptable launch should happen. Hazard were analyzed and subjected to formalized hazard reduction process I in NASA handbook.Quantitative method of risk assessment was not applied because they were expensive and time consuming. Technical experts were not involved enough in any of the discussions. 7. In order to resolve any differences we need to list them and quantify them first which never happened in case of Challenger. Customer is always right and ultimately his decision overrules but contactor must provide as accurate data as possible based on analysis. Every recognized risk has different weight and some of them thru brainstorming can be resolved or even eliminated. 8.Upper management needs to be committed to project of such a huge scale and support it. They should be informed about individual risks and it is up to project manager to provide true information about project. It seems that culture of NASA accepted waiver as a way to determine acceptable risk and considered then as a part of official protocol. 9. Risk associated with any chosen method should be classified based on cost (budget), safety and technology (design) and overall impact on the mission. Challenger did not have either solid political support or direction.Cost became the most critical component in decision making. Sold fuel systems were cheaper but also less safe. They require less research and development but were designed for reusability. 10. Politically motivated trade-offs are impossible to control by PM and his/her team. There is a pressure to for government to deliver promise or a need to see where all funding went. All PM has is data and measurements based on research, analysis and historical lessons. There should be a limit where safety becomes impossible to trade.This is where government agenda should not applied because risk of losing lives is too high to trade. 11. NASA was under pressure from government and by the same token pressured contractor (Thiokol). Funding was inconsistent, expectations were very high and there was no clear direction where space program was going and flying manifest was beyond capabilities of personnel should he chose to follow all procedures. Risk was calculated in every decision. 12. Risk Management plan is evolving document as project goes on. different phases should be recorded in Risk Register and 2 separated risk assessments conducted because each phase faces different risks. Identifying risk will help us analyze triple constraint factors. Both risk assessments are equally important. Risk Quantification 13. Given the complexity of Space Shuttle Program it is necessary to address individually each technical aspect of the risk. In some cases lesson learned from previous experience with shuttles can b e applied to other program given that conditions like weather, resistance to high temperature or fuel type.Certain measurements can be applied to all space shuttle programs. Qualitative risk evaluation could be used at the beginning of the project to sort out level of each risk. Quantitative risk would be possible if there full support from upper management (government), budget and methodologies were in place. Both methodologies are equally valuable in complex project like Challenger. 14. There were 3 separate ice inspections conducted on the site and ice team responsibility was to remove any ice. First inspection delayed launch due to presence of ice on launch pad.Second inspection discovered still significant presence of ice on launch site and it was determined take off was unsafe. Falling ice could damage heat tiles on the Orbiter. Third inspection still found significant ice presences on the launch pad. 3 major concerns of the ice-on-the-pad issue: launch objection due to the we ather, ice on the pad was unknown effect on the ignition and debris were considered potential flight safety hazard, freeze protection plan for launch pad 39B was inadequate. Ice was considered a potential problem. 15.Risk quantification allows preparing better for potential risks. Contractors provide data but it is decision of the customer whether to take some of all data under consideration when making decision. To resolve a matter of dispute, the customer and contractor should collaborate. If there is no agreement customer decides what approach to take. 16. Senior management needs to be presented with information in easy to understand form – in case of Shuttle short movie presenting what would happen on impact. Only potential problem made it all the way up to higher management not the critical ones.None of the recommendations from Thiokol were passed to upper management. There were no established procedures that all risk data cannot be modified by any member of the team wit hout proper access and expertise. 17. It was quantitative system but issuing waivers very often made it useless because they by-passed some of the recommendations. Lessons learned were not used by Thiokol regarding temperature at launch which was supposed to be 53 degrees Fahrenheit. Thiokol engineers tried to quantify some of the risks based on historical information regarding blow-bys and temperatures. 18.No, there were no probabilities assigned to risk like putty, temperature, rings although there was some historical data available. There were not enough details to develop probabilities and metrics to rely on. Engineers could not determine direct correlation between factors. Risk Response (Handling) 19. Size of the company, available budget, company culture and overall resource decide what constitutes acceptable risk. It depends on tolerance of individual company to determine if risk is acceptable. 20. Project manager is always responsible for success and/or failure of the projec t.If there is another body in the company responsible for handling risk on larger, company scale it should be consulted as well. 21. According to PMBOK there are 4 risk responses and all of them were used: acceptance (consequences were acceptable), avoidance (re-scheduling take off), control (type of aborts and their respective landing sites) and transfer (hiring Thiokol as contractor to transfer risks). 22. There was an abort due to bad weather and ice which was correct response. NASA decided to launch in spite of C1R which meant 2 components failure (both main and secondary ring booster are the same type).This is not a correct response to existing risk. This decision was made without any regard for possible consequences of component failure. 23. Subject matter experts and upper management and technical consultants with the knowledge of space technology. Astronauts should be consulted as well since they risk their lives and are in immediate danger. 24. Every project should have ris k response mechanism included in risk management plan. All data gathered from SME and specialist in the field should be taken under consideration when developing risk response mechanism.When team cannot agree on it senior management who is ultimately responsible has final saying. 25. Astronauts with technical experience and knowledge should have been consulted. Christa McAuliffe as an example would not contribute anything valuable because her knowledge wasn’t in space shuttle design discipline and she did not have any previous experience flying either. They have accepted the risk already when they agreed to fly – no need to re-assure it. Astronauts are all volunteers and understand that safety is space is never 100% guaranteed.In my opinion it is safety staff that should have been included primarily. No safety representative or quality assurance officer was included in any of the decisions (or during the take-off). 26. Waivers were a way of bypassing official protocols in order to maintain schedule. It was a form of acceptance. 27. Waivers were standard operating procedures – they are type of active acceptance – â€Å"the wrong thing can be done to solve the problem because its solution was not clearly thought out under pressure in the heat of the moment† 8. Yes! Schedule pressures made managers less willing to acknowledge possible risks. Despite the fact the temperature was not favourable (as required minimum of 50 degrees Fahrenheit), Thiokol & NASA decided to go ahead with the launch to meet their desired planned schedule. Political pressure affected all responsible parties. 29. The risk response mechanism utilized by managers at Thiokol and NASA was Acceptance. They were fully aware of the potential risk however they decided seat back and see what happens. 30.The Engineers did not do everything to convince the management to stop of the launch. After failing to convince the management they decided to take a passive app roach of â€Å"wait and see what happens next† while they knew the results will be catastrophic. To make matters worse, Engineer Boisjoly changed his expert professional opinion after was told put on his management hat. 31. Though NASA claims that its top priority is the safety of the crew and equipment, it did violate its responsibility to ensure safety of the crew in spite of the evidence that was presented to them by the engineers.They played Russian roulette with human lives. Final findings though confirmed that pressure caused rational men make irrational decisions. 32. YES! NASA was completely aware that the temperature was not favourable for launch (as required minimum of 40 degrees Fahrenheit) however still went ahead with the launch to meet their desired planned schedule. The O-Rings had never been tested below freezing temperatures before & did not meet the 40 degrees below qualification temperature. Risk Control 33.Documentation is crucial and must to be thorou gh as part of risk management in order to identify all potential risks, keep a historical record data , reveal relevant information to the project to ensure project process are in compliant with the company’s goals. Depending on the complexity of the projects or programs company is involved quantity will differ. Excessive paperwork can be very discouraging to personnel. 34. There was no audit trail to the best of our knowledge. Thiokol had lessons learned regarding erosion, temperatures and blow-bys. 35.Thiokol noticed black soot and grease on the outside of the booster casing, caused by actual gas blow-by and had ordered new steel billets which would be used for a redesigned case field joint. This vital information should have been disclosed during the hour presentation granted to them which they mostly argued on the cold weather effects. 36. Hard facts speak to upper management better than anything. Presentation and SME opinions quoted within presentation would help to get upper management attention. 37. Again, facts, findings and lesson learned are powerful tools.Once team and upper management is aware that science doesn’t back up decision sole responsibility and pressure is taken off single person and transfer to the whole team. 38. There were 5 different communication and organization failures and 4 of them were directly related to safety program. Lack of problem reporting requirements, inadequate trend analysis, misinterpretation, lack of involvement in critical decisions. Safety organization should be better staffed and SUPPORTED. 39. Rockwell was prime contractor to build Orbiter. It was believed that Rockwell was not the best choice since it had not been involved in Apollo Program as others.Rockwell issued a â€Å"concern† about possible Orbiter damage due to the ice problem but they never stated they did not want to launch. They never said to NASA launch should be aborted due to unknown nature of the ice. It was never formally re corded that Rockwell objected. By making objection official there is paper trail that can be traced back should situation call for it. 40. Risks levels must be maintained completely at minimal before launching of the spaceship; however loss of human life should be avoided at all cost. The overall risk should have been between C2 & C3. 41.It is best to execute a presentation to the higher-ranking Management with adequate evidence of potential risks & the overall impact. In addition, outsource experienced experts who will back you up with their input in order to win a favourable decision. 42. The liability should be placed on the people who made final decision to launch while they fully aware fully of potential risks. Though the Thiokol engineers â€Å"cried for Help†, they were thwarted from pleading their case and the management went ahead supported NASA proceeding with the launch. Both Thiokol management & NASA should share the blame.

Prosthetic Limb Research Paper Essay

Prosthetic limbs all started with a very simple problem. Do you just give up hope when you lose an arm or a leg, or is there some other way to make the best of a situation? Hope was not given up by us persistent human beings and that is how artificial limbs were thought of. Instead trying to get around, we thought of artificial legs to help those who have lost them. Instead of only having one arm, we thought of artificial arms to be able to have two again. Prosthesis not only brought hope to those who were seriously injured and lost their limbs, but it helped these people bring their lives back to as normal as it could be. Of course prosthesis did not start off as being perfect and high tech, but they slowly progressed throughout thousands of years to the technology we have today, as well as the ideas we have for the future. Artificial limbs date back all the way to the times of the ancient Egyptians. These were very basic prosthetics and were made from the materials they had readily available such as wood, iron or leather. Alan J. Thurston discusses the early Egyptian prosthetic, â€Å"One of the earliest examples comes from the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt in the reign of Amenhotep II in the fifteenth century BC when members of an Egyptian–German mission working in the Sheikh Abdel-Gurna area of the Theban necropolis were carefully brushing away accumulated dirt from the burial shaft inside the rockhewn tomb of Mery, a priest of Amun. The mummy that is on display in the Cairo Museum has clearly had the great toe of the right foot amputated and replaced with a prosthesis manufactured from leather and wood (Fig. 1). An even older example comes from the fifth Egyptian dynasty (2750–2625 BC) discovered by archaeologists, as being the earliest known splint from that period† (Thurston 1114). The ancient Egyptians and other early cultures to use prosthetics did so not only for the physical need for them, but to have a feeling of being whole and complete. Many cultures feared amputation over death because they wouldn’t be whole in the afterlife. So if a person had to have an amputation and had a prosthetic put in place, they would save their old limb and be buried with it so they would have their whole body in the afterlife with them. The first written record of artificial limbs was from around 3500 BC. It was a poem written by Rig-Veda and was about a queen who lost her leg in battle and had an iron prosthesis put in place to where her leg was supposed to be so she could return to battle. The next recorded records of prosthetics that were actually made for rehabilitation came from the ancient Roman and Greek civilizations. â€Å"The books by the Greek historian Herodotus of Halicarnassus, report a prosthetic replacement. Herodotus states that in 484 BC, a Persian soldier escaped imprisonment by cutting off his leg then replacing it with a wooden prosthesis. The report states that he was able to travel 30 miles to Tregea. He was unfortunately captured by Zaccynthius and was promptly decapitated. This has been validated with the finding of a copper and wood leg in Capri, Italy, in 1858, which has been dated to 300 BC (Fig. 2). 5 Lower-limb prostheses of the time were typically made of bronze plates with a wooden core and leather straps† (1114). As seen here, this was the first step to actually have a limb that served a function to help the man walk. The concept of an artificial limb had slightly progressed and become a better tool. The next stage of prostheses came from around 450-1000 A. D. These are the typical peg legs that people think of and are typically thought of as what pirates like â€Å"Captain Hook† had. Peg legs made of again wood, leather or metal were used to help people walk. â€Å"Hook hands† were also made to replace people who lost a hand. â€Å"This style of prosthesis that is basically a modified crutch with a wooden or leather cup persisted into the early part of the twentieth century (Fig. 3). The use of these basic materials persisted until relatively recent times and many examples have survived. † (1114). So for many years people were content with this simple type of prosthetic limb and it wasn’t for about 500 years until it began to progress into something better. The next â€Å"wave† of prosthesis came from Ambroise Pare, a Frenchman born in 1510. He was a surgeon for the French Army and was prominently known for his treatment to gunshot wounds. He also made great progress in artificial limbs. â€Å"His ‘Le Petit Lorrain’, a mechanical hand operated by catches and springs was worn by a French Army captain in battle. He also devised an above-knee prosthesis consisting of a kneeling peg and a prosthetic foot. It had a fixed equinus position, a locking knee and a suspension harness, features that are still in use today† (1117). This hand was the starting point for the advanced prostheses in existence today as well as the leg he developed. It was the first successful leg to have the locking knee, suspension harness and the equinus position and it set the bar for other prosthetics to come. Also Pare was the first to make a prosthesis with joints; â€Å"The leg he designed for amputation through the thigh is the first known to employ articulated joints† (Wilson Jr. 2). The next wave of progression with artificial limbs came from the Civil War, and with anesthetics present, the surgeries were improved tremendously. Also the United States government paid for prosthesis for war veterans so they became more common. There was unfortunately not much advancement in prosthesis during this time period; â€Å"Many patents on artificial limbs were issued between the time of the Civil War and the turn of the century, but few of the designs seem to have had much lasting impact†(6). World War I also didn’t create much advancement in artificial limbs because of low casualties and the depression. After World War II , prosthetic research developed the beginnings of the prostheses in widespread use today† (Spaeth vii), in what was called the Artificial Limb Program. They even further developed artificial limbs by making things such as; â€Å"the patellar-tendon-bearing (PTB) below-knee prosthesis, the quadrilateral socket and accompanying method of alignment, the Henschke-Mauch hydraulic knee unit, a totally new armamentarium for management of upper limb amputees, and the amputee clinic team of concept. Of tremendous significance was the emphasis on early fitting and saving the knee when amputation was necessary due to arteriosclerosis†(6). All of these progressions were very important in changing prosthetics from a simple peg leg to the types of artificial limbs present today. If it weren’t for these, we wouldn’t be nearly as advanced in the field or prosthetics and would be far behind. From here many organizations were made in order to support amputees. Also because the profession of being a prosthetist was only taught by experienced prosthetists and there was no other way of learning available, the University of California started offering classes in around the 1950’s. With classes now available about artificial limbs, this also encouraged a â€Å"take-off† in the field and brought great awareness to the public. From here classes began to expand to universities such as â€Å"New York University and at Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago†(8). After these schools began teaching, many colleges and universities began to follow and the field began to expand. The next milestone for artificial limbs came in 1965 when the Medicare bill passed. This bill gave people over the age of 65 little to no cost to receive an artificial limb. So because of this, the need for prosthetics increased and more and more studies were made on them. This leads us all the way to the prosthetics available today in 2012. The next progression of artificial limbs came from about 1945-1970 with the idea of bionic arms, or artificial limbs controlled by electricity. It would use myoelectric control to power the limbs; â€Å"The concept of a myoelectric prosthesis is simple. The electrical activity naturally generated by contracting muscle in a residual limb is amplified, processed and used to control the low of electricity from a battery to a motor, which operates an artificial limb (Muzumdar 1). It was the Germans who first claimed to be able to accomplish this feat, but it would be extremely difficult to make the limb look and feel normal. Reinhold Reiter was the first one to implement myoelectric control in 1945. His prototype however was not realistic because it was not portable. His prototype was essentially never going to work, but his beginnings of research on myoelectric control started a new wave in artificial limbs. This then sparked a worldwide quest to successfully control myoelectric electricity. Major countries began to compete and try to progress to successfully make a myoelectrically controlled prosthetic. The United States became close to having a successful and efficient one, but logistics problems caused the procedure to be unsuccessful. Then in the turn to the 60’s a Russian scientist named A. Y Kobrinski was able to create a â€Å"self-contained myoelectric control system. This was one of the first stand-alone, battery-powered systems to be used on a number of amputees† (56). Between the 70’s and the 80’s many different types of the â€Å"new† artificial limbs were used on adults as well as children. They were very successful and many people benefited from them. During this period, myoelectric hands were the main myoelectric powered prostheses. Competition sprang between corporations during this time period and they looked to make artificial limbs lighter and more efficient. Then in the 90’s, prosthetics began to be powered by computer technology â€Å"During the 90’s, the myoelectric prosthesis industry began to turn towards computer technology to provide programmable controls systems. These advanced controllers can be adjusted, while on the patient, to give a variety of functions from one or two electrode sites† (57). This computer technology leads all the way to the types of artificial limbs present today. Battery technology has also increased tremendously during the past years, which gives the prosthetics greatly improved battery life. Artificial limbs today are extremely efficient and the batteries last a long time. Also the computer technology available creates greater memory for movement and control, which allows the prosthetics to feel more natural. The artificial limbs today vary greatly depending on the need of the patient. There are cosmetic prosthetic limbs, also called a cosmesis. These are the prosthetics that look exactly like real limbs. â€Å"Advanced plastics and pigments uniquely matched to the patient’s own skin tone allow a modern day cosmesis to take on an amazingly life-like appearance. Even details such as freckles, hair and fingerprints can be included, bringing the cosmesis to the point where it’s nearly indistinguishable from the original missing arm or leg† (Clements 5). There are also the basic artificial limbs which just serve the purpose to walk and aren’t as natural looking. An example of this could be the prosthetics you see the runner in the Olympics wearing. Regardless, the essential components of prosthetics are generally the same. They are composed of the plyon, which is the skeletal frame for the limb and the main support. Today these are generally made of lightweight but strong metals such as carbon fiber components. Next there is the socket, which connects the artificial limb to the stub where the patient’s limb used to be. It is very important the socket is built correctly or it can cause further damage to the patient; â€Å"Because the socket transmits forces from the prosthetic limb to the patient’s body, it must be meticulously fitted to the residual limb to ensure that it doesn’t cause irritation or damage to the skin or underlying tissues† (3). The next and final essential component is the suspension system. This is the part that makes the artificial limb stay connected to the body and not fall off. This is generally done by a suction system, which uses an airtight seal to prevent the limb from falling off when it’s pushed on. Prosthetic limbs today are all unique in their own way. The type of amputation and where the limb is cut off all has a great effect on the type of prosthetic limb needed. A below the knee prosthetic for example is far different from an above the knee. The above the knee prosthetic will need an articulated knee and takes much more technology to make. It also needs to attach to different nerves as well as many other factors. One problem with these high tech limbs however is their price. Prosthetic limbs are extremely expensive, and the more high tech they are, the more expensive they become. There are even some prosthetic limbs today that use microprocessors and can remember your body movements; â€Å"Advanced prosthetic legs can be equipped with a microprocessor (computer chip) and sensors that measure angles and forces while a patient walks. Over time, the microprocessor learns how the patient walks and constantly adapts the stiffness of the knee accordingly† (5). This is an example of the type of limb that would cost a patient tens of thousands of dollars. One of the really cool and amazing prosthetics technology today has brought us to is the targeted muscle reinnervation or TMR. It was developed by Dr. Todd Kuiken and it has to do with controlling artificial limbs with your brain. When a person loses a limb, he created the idea to attach the nerves from that limb to a muscle close by that contributes to moving the â€Å"former limb†. When this is done and the patient goes to try to move the â€Å"used to be limb† it then is able to send electrical currents, which causes Kuiken’s prosthetic limbs to move. This breakthrough he made is fascinating and extraordinary and opens doors to artificial limbs of the future.

Importance of Greek Burial

The Importance of Burial in Greek Religion For the most part, the Greeks did not believe in a different afterlife for the good or bad—i. e. , no heaven or hell. In their view, the afterlife was almost universally grim; the important detail for the dead was whether they were buried or unburied. Those who did not receive proper funeral rites were doomed to wander by the river Styx, the entrance to the Underworld, for eternity; their souls could never be at rest.Thus, denying burial to a corpse not only insulted the body, but also damned his soul for all time. The buried were granted access to Hades, the name of both the Underworld and its king (who was also known as Pluto). In order for the dead to gain this access, a complicated ritual had to be performed. There were few ‘professional' undertakers, so a man's funeral fell to his family, especially the women of the family.They prepared the body for cremation, oversaw the collection of the bones and ashes and burial of the urn, provided the tomb with liquid offerings (libations), and led the mourning, a loud and violent process in which women tore their cheeks with their fingernails, ripped out their hair, and poured dirt over the heads and clothing. Mourning the dead was one of the few things women were allowed to do in ancient Greece, especially Athens. Women of well-born families were expected to stay at home in specially designated women's quarters at all times except during certain religions festivals.Marriages were arranged by a girl's father or guardian. Women were not true citizens of the democracy and could not speak or vote in the assembly. They were not even allowed to speak in court, a basic right for Athenian men. Burying and mourning their dead relatives gave women an opportunity to do something important for their families. It brought women to the fore and gave them a role to play. When Creon forbids burial of Polynices, he denies Antigone the chance to do one of the few important thing s society allowed women to do. Thus, he is attacking her identity, and that is a large part of the reason she opposes his orders.

Normative Ethics or Collective Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Normative Ethics or Collective Action - Essay Example eting by the European Union to check its policies on renewable energy and to ensure that the members were in conformity with the Kyoto protocol (Smith, and Katrina 85). During a recent visit to Gravelines nuclear power plant in located in northern France, ranked the 5th largest globally, the president went further to renew France’s commitment to nuclear industry and gave post Fukushima nuclear fears safety a description as irrational and medieval. Particularly, the president never mentioned anybody but it is hardly difficult to guess the real person he was referring to. It was by no means the president triggered a salvo over Germany’s nuclear power moves and its chancellor, the renowned Angela Merkel. At some point she refused to put her hand to Siemen’s request to have a stake in Avera, one of French’s nuclear group; this was basically due to the fact that Germany as a nation had imposed a moratorium on nuclear power. According to officials, German’s option to shut down all its nuclear power plants in a decade will definitely make Germany to be more dependent on fossil fuels, need imported atomic power and increase emission of carbon. Germany then will be more reliant on imports and fossil fuels and the nation’s electricity will be much expensive and more harmful to the environment. Households in Germany pay twice more for power than homesteads in France; eighty per cent of electricity originates from atomic power plant. At the same time, Germany announced that of all the 17 reactors, none shall remain opened come the year 2022, going against the plan steered through parliament in the previous year to prolong the plant’s activities by an average of twelve years. The chancellor argues that the Fukushima massacre, the worst crisis since the year 1986, led her to give it a second thought to give support for nuclear power plants in Germany. Germany and France are great nations, in as much as disaster may occur; it should not make a nation embark on

Validity of research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Validity of research - Essay Example The study conclusions not only reflect the main aim of the research but also reveal the impact of formal and informal learning in major enterprises in Scotland. The research was conducted through semi-structured interviews with the managers as well as line managers. Observing the employees was another method of doing the research to ensure the unspoken details regarding company websites and annual reports were covered. Data collection and analysis was performed through interviews and observation which were appropriate for the study. However, another more effective and efficient method of doing the same would have been through the use of questionnaires, because the study involved various companies in different geographic areas. The researchers did have impacts on the study as they came up with other findings regarding lifelong learning in European countries through formal and informal learning. The timing of the study is one of the factors that impacted the findings of the study as it determines the method of data collection and analysis. Further research on small companies should be necessary to draw a better conclusion for the study because there are more small companies in European countries. The study by Swain and Hammond (2010) examines outcomes and motivations of higher education students who take part-time classes in UK. The study was successful in measuring and testing the efficiency of the research. The study has explored and measured other details regarding part-time students in UK including their mental health difficulties and their daily routine. The conclusion gives details of the provision of high quality tuition for both part-time students and mature learners in UK, which reflects the aim of the research. The research was conducted via data collection and analysis through face to face interviews in various locations, including the students’ homes and their place of work. Face to face

Discuss an Ethical Issue in Nursing Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discuss an Ethical Issue in Nursing - Term Paper Example cupational therapy services based on medical necessity, yet the payer-source (Medicare) coverage criteria for services to be delivered at home was questionable. That is, should one continue to treat the client and uphold the principle of beneficence yet run afoul of the laws or should one discontinue treating the patient to uphold the law but possibly cause harm to the client?† Nurses are hired to assist physicians. In the scenario described, the nurses can also be tapped to assist and/or complement the occupational and physical therapists. This will likely apply most to new nurses coming from developing country who can be hired at less expensive rates compared to US nurses as well as other nurses who have stayed long in the US. Thus, a nurse can be a potential party or direct participant to the situation described by Wells. In view of rising medical costs, tapping nurses from developing countries to either assist or substitute for occupational or physical therapists can emerge as a trend in the United States. Thus, an ethical dilemma for a nurse is whether he or she will allow himself or herself to be a party to the dilemma described by Wells (2007). In the case described by Wells, the patient encountered difficulties in keeping up with appointments with the health providers. Medicare rules for client to receive home health require that the patients meet certain criteria (Wells, 2007, p. 31). Directly quoting Medicare sources, Wells said that a homebound patient situation exists when â€Å"there exists a normal inability to leave home, and, consequently, leaving home would require considerable and taxing effort† (2007, p. 31). Wells also said that although his case was definitely homebound, ethical principles were at risk because his moral duty to provide treatment was in conflict with institutional interpretations of the Medicare regulations or guidelines of what constitutes a homebound patient (2007, p. 31). In other words, the case described by Wells

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Cause and effect - Essay Example Now, that Nancy finds it difficult to walk because of her obesity, her parents intend to sue one of the popular fast food restaurants in town. Parents and not the fast food restaurants are to be blamed for child obesity which makes them sluggish and lowers their self-esteem. Wealth causes parents to be unnecessarily fulfilling towards the demands of their children. In the case under discussion, Nancy’s parents have wealth. According to them, having wealth means one should get all one wishes for. They feel blessed that they are rich and are able to use their money to fulfill every demand of their child. In addition to that, there are several other factors that increase the tendency of rich children to become obese. There are servants to serve them, so they do not have to move much. Moreover, parents remain on work for most of the time. Lack of parental attention causes children to set patterns for themselves, like Nancy did in this case. Obesity is common in rich people because the lifestyle is conducive for that. Later, when they discover that their child is harmed by the junk food consumption, they tend to use their money to sue the fast food restaurant. ... It is the parents that fundamentally set the pattern for their children. Therefore, parents are to be blamed for the unhealthy eating habits of their children. They should not have fulfilled their daughter’s desire for junk food day and night. Instead, they should have inculcated the habit of consuming fresh fruits and vegetables in her. Much of the wrong eating habits of Nancy can be attributed to her parents. What makes it worse is that instead of realizing where the problem roots, the parents decide to sue the fast food restaurant they make a regular customer of. This is a mere wastage of time and money and a very useless way of solving the problem. Obesity lowers an individual’s self-esteem by way of added laziness. Obesity is fundamentally the name of condition in which an individual gains weight without increasing the height. The increase of weight makes the individual sluggish and laggard. In the case under consideration, Nancy can not participate in the marathon race in the school because she is too obese for that. What to talk of running, Nancy can hardly even walk with the speed, energy and agility with which girls of her age normally do. In her home, she keeps sitting on her bed all day long. She does not even bother to make it to the fast food restaurant. Instead, she makes use of the free home delivery service most fast food restaurants provide their customers with. Now, that she weighs 70 kilos in the tenth year of her life, she can not be involved in many physical activities. Her obesity has become her weakness. Her friends make fun of her and call her names. Nancy gets emotionally hurt by such attitude of her class fellows, and prefers to stay alone. Over the years, she has become a loner. She remains alone in

Sunnyside Wellness and Spa Center Research Paper

Sunnyside Wellness and Spa Center - Research Paper Example Sunnyside Wellness and SPA Center sees this as an opportunity to establish, thrive and grow its SPA and Health Center in Naperville, Illinois. Management believes that people will continue to look for the perfect SPA services that would match their varied needs and requirements. This is what management would like to penetrate and win. To achieve a winning edge over competitors, Sunnyside Wellness would also like to diversify its services, concentrating not only on beauty and relaxation services, but on encouraging healthy eating as well. It is with this intent that management decided to incorporate into its products and services the Sunnyside Nutrition Program, which includes cooking classes and consultations with dieticians. Only health recipes would be introduced in its cooking programs, and a licensed dietician will provide consultation services and also evaluate the recipes being taught. Diversification allows Sunnyside to expand its market reach and attract even those who are no t really into the beauty and wellness programs into availing its products and services. The nutrition program will attract another niche market, which will contribute to the profitability of the whole company. In summary, the Wellness industry has a healthy environment that encourages creativity among its players. Creativity comes in the form of mixing and matching product packages that best suit the market’s needs. II. DEFINITION OF MARKET SEGMENT/NICHE 1. Differentiation strategy Focused Marketing Strategies – Facing stiff competition from other older and well-established SPA and Wellness Centers, Sunnyside recognizes the need for it to be more critical in its marketing strategies, focusing on the right people and ensuring that the communication materials and activities are indeed precise, direct to the point, and enticing to the target market. The management boasts of its strategic marketing efforts, maximizing available networks and machineries to penetrate the mar ket and convey to them the desired message. Diversification – the company’s holistic approach towards healthy living puts an edge over competitors. While competitors focus on wellness services alone, Sunnyside puts premium on overall health and wellness by investing in facilities, programs and resource persons that would bring the target market added knowledge on healthy eating. The company’s ability to venture out of the typical definitely makes them stand out over the rest. Intensive Market Knowledge - as a service type of business, it is crucial for Sunnyside to be able to identify in particular the trends in Beauty and Wellness industry to come up with a good mix in terms of its products and services. As such, it capitalizes on a good market research, resulting to the identification of particular products and services for a targeted market segment. Creation of multiple opportunities from a single line of expertise – Beauty and Health Care may be innov ated and transformed into a pool of other services that are also geared towards the total well being of the customer. As a result of researches, the products and services that are Morocco inspired shall be mixed with influences from Asia and Europe to come up with inventive, yet effective products and services. More importantly, the organic cooking class concept will allow the company to expand its

Research Paper 5 pages( Two Artist) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Paper 5 pages( Two Artist) - Essay Example Yayoi moved from Japan to New York at the age of 27 years where she made a name for herself in avant-garde art; her work incorporates elements of Pop, Fluxus, Minimalism, and Surrealism, but remains unique in its fanatical, often sexually suggestive ways. This present work belongs to the body of works that she started in 1962, which she labeled ‘aggregation sculptures’, or ‘compulsion furniture’; Yayoi’s fascination with the theme of self-obliteration is explored in this work of art as well, just as in the rest of her other pieces. These works are best known for incorporating objects related with the work of women such as the metal oven pan alongside the stuffed, phallic limbs as in the present case; often than not, Kusama was fond of presenting her works in installations fitting rooms. Joseph Richards of The What Where When holds says this of the artist—â€Å"†¦Kusama’s meditative obsessiveness is a mind-bending effect that can never really be pulled off inside a gallery space†¦infinity can’t sit inside a frame, and when the gallery space becomes the piece, that’s when the magic happens† (Art radar, 2012). Tabish Khan, Londonist says, â€Å"†¦it’s only when you are surrounded by her repeating patterns that you realize what it’s like to be immersed in her hallucinatory and fantastical world, where there is a constant struggle between light and dark†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Art radar, 2012). The 60’s, a time when the painting of the Oven-Pan was made, was characterized by new, radical and subversive events as well as trends that shook the rest of the globe in great extents; in the US, the 60’s were typically characterized with anger and violence following the assassination of J.F. Kennedy. There were many protests and civil unrest in the country due to the various socio-economic as well as political upheavals; many Americans protested against the unfair treatment of blacks as well as because

Educational Specification Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Specification - Research Proposal Example From the discussion it is clear that  planning seeks to identify the main requirements for the project in order to ensure that the objectives are met during the implementation process for the project. During the planning phase various project parameters including functional, philosophic, environmental and operational aspects are considered, with the aim of producing a comprehensive plan for implementing a project.As the paper highlights the need to improve teaching within schools has necessitated the transformation of the methods utilized in teaching. There is an increased need to academic relevance of the theoretical materials being taught to be applicable within practical settings outside the classroom. While this serves as an encouragement to students on the viability of materials being taught, this is a core factor that enhances the understanding of the theoretical concepts presented in class. Conducting laboratory studies, especially within the STEM field has been described a core element in teaching within this field. This project has been developed and implemented based on the philosophy of ensuring practicality of teaching within the STEM field. The goal of the project is the presentation of a facility that can be utilized by teachers and students in conducting practical tests within the field of STEM.  The facility will be utilized by junior high school students for conducting many of their introductory practicals in STEM subjects.