True Love: Hermia and Lysander

True Love Love is a strong-filled emotion, a bond which is shared between two persons. Love adds to the enchantment and beauty of life. Love has the power to lift the spirits of the persons who share this pure sentiment and is also capable of eliminating the controversies, jealousies and barriers existent due to blood lineage which may try to harm lovers. Egeus, Hermia’s Father, goes to Duke Theseus for assistance with his predicament. Theseus gives Hermia the option to either marry Demetrius, the man his father has deemed worthy of her, or for her to live a barren life as a nun.As Hermia heard what was to come, she replies to Theseus as she defends her love, †So I will grow, so live, so die, my lord, Ere I will yield my virgin patent up unto his lordship whose unwished yoke my soul consents not to give sovereignity. † Hermia’s pale cheeks and melancholic look reflected the sorrow settling in her spirit as she lost her right to love with her heart but in the eyes of another. The situation in which Hermia and Lysander are due to Egues complaint reveals the dominant male perspective of a fatherin society.Lysander in the situation they are in comforts Hermia by saying, â€Å"The course of true love never did run smooth. † Lysander assured her that they are only going through a phase which all lovers undergo but they will be able to conquer. In response to the Dukes options offered to Hermia, she and Lysander plan to elope in the woods and go to Lysander’s aunt. Lysander suggests to his love,†Therefore hear me, Hermia: I have a widow aunt a dowager of great revenue; and she hath no child. From Athens is her house remote seven leagues; and she respects me as her only son.There gentle Hermia, may I marry thee†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hermia replies to him, â€Å"In that same place thou hast appointed me tomorrow truly will I meet with thee. † Hermia‘s and Lysander’s love is always put to the test by Egeus’ rejection of Lysander. In the forest, their love is put to the test simply by the fact that Demetrius is always after Hermia and tries to prevent her from eloping with Lysander. Their love is also trialed by Puck who confuses the Athenian lad which Oberon had sent him to put the love potion on.Puck was to place the potion on Demetrius for him to respond to Helena’s love but instead Puck placed it on Lysander’s. Throughout the plot of the story, Hermia always had the option to give up on Lysander’s love and stay with the lad her father had chosen for her, but she always had in mind to follow her heart and not give up on her love due to small adversities. Lysander is worthy of Hermia’s love and proves to be a brave lad who was willing to take risks in order to be with Hermia.While being with the Duke, Lysander tries to convince them that he is financially stable to be with Hermia by saying, â€Å"I am my lord, as well possessed. My love is more than his; my fortune every way as fairly ranked- if not with vantage- as Demetrius. † Through all adversities, He never left Hermia unprotected nor did he give up. Lysander comforts Hermia with his company and words of advice. Lysander was with Hermia in times of need as in the Dukes resolution.Lysander conquered all obstacles that came in between the love that he had for Hermia and proved he was truly worthy of Hermia’s love with his actions. The theme of forbidden love is reflected by the characters of Hermia and Lysander who live life as a daily battle in struggle to maintain their love alive. Even though â€Å"supernatural† powers and mountain-high problems may come in the way of true love, in the end love will always be victorious. Hermia and Lysander are an example of a couple who faced challenges on the way but the prize-being together as a couple, was far more rewarding in the end.

K-12 term paper Essay

INTRODUCTION Because of the Philippine education system continuous aims for higher education, the pronouncement of the K-12 program for more excellent undergraduates in the elementary and secondary level has been proposed. According to them, this is for the benefit of not only the Filipino youth but all the Filipinos in the Philippines. K12 educational systems are additional years to secondary level. This means that the present four years in high school will be called Junior High School and additional two years as senior High Schools. The model, which is being proposed , is K-6-4-2 where K means Kindergarten (5 years old), 6 means six years in elementary (6 to 11 years old), 4 means four years in Junior High School (12 to 15 years old) and 2 means two years in Senior High School (16 to 17 years old). (DepEd. n.d) The K-12 model is an educational system for basic and secondary education patterned after the United States,Canada, and some parts of Australia. The current basic education system is also an archetype of American schooling but with a 10-year cycle. DepEd’s stands for the adaptation of the K-12 program is due to the low achievement scores and poor quality of basic education to the present school setup. The administration asserts that with the implementation of such program, the problem of unemployment in the country will be resolved. In as much as employment in the Philippines is concerned, the K12 education also responds to the fact that most countries in the world already have the same plan in the ir educational institutions. see more:disadvantages of k to 12 With this, the standards of these countries go a notch higher than what the country has, thus, creating an expansion in the global competency. (DepEd, 2010) â€Å"We need to add two years to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12 years for our public school children to give them an even chance at succeeding.† (Aquino III, 2011)† It is said that the enhanced K12 program is the most drastic and controversial program of the Aquino administration. K-12 has been met with criticism from youth and student groups, teachers, parents and the academic  community. The DepEd, for its part, appears determined to enact the program with its proposed budget catering mostly to preparing the grounds for its eventual implementation. Thus, This term paper will discuss the advantages and advantages of k+12 program for a more better understanding of the Filipinos. Chapter 2 BODY â€Å"Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world.†(Mandela,2010). This quote states that education develops our world to more powerful. This is one of a reason why others want the K+12 program on the Philippines. Some are not in favor of this because they say that it is not the longer education is the solution and it is the improving of quality of education. Some say that K+12 in the Philippines is not necessary while I as a student agree for this program. Since its implementation, which started with the Pre-School program just this school year 2011-2012, many still doubt its benefit for the Filipino youth and the Filipino people as a whole. It is apparent that the Department of Education is not yet ready for the full implementation of the K-12 Program in the coming school year 2016-2017.An estimated P45 billion is needed to finance the additional Grade 11 of the students which includes the additional teachers, classrooms and textbooks.Many are suspicious of the value of the said program with all the inadequacies that surround its subsidy and many are not in favor of its implementation. So let us cite the advantages and disadvantages of the K-12 program or the additional 2 years to Basic Education. ADVANTAGES To Individuals and Families 1. Students will be able to get sufficient instructional time to do subject- related tasks which makes them more prepared and well- trained on that subject area. On the other hand, if we remain on the old system, Filipino students would continually get low achievement scores. For instance, international test results revealed that we often come at the tail end in  the exams compared to other countries. 2. The graduates of this program will be more prepared to enter the labor force. As we all noticed, high school graduates of the current curriculum are not yet employable for the reason that they are not yet competent and well – equipped with the skills needed in the workplaces. In addition, most high school graduates are not yet reaching the legal age of 18. With the new curriculum, senior high school students can choose a field that they are good at and that they are interested in. As a result, they will be equipped with the skills needed for a specific job even without a college degree. At the age of 18, the age when they graduate from high school, they will be employable and competitive already. Thus, adding up to the nation’s manpower. 3. Graduates will be prepared for higher education. Due to an enhanced curriculum that will provide relevant content and attuned with the changing needs of the times, basic education will ensure sufficient mastery of core subjects to its graduates such that graduates may opt to pursue higher education if they choose to. 4. Graduates will be able to earn higher wages and/or better prepared to start their own business. There is a strong correlation between educational attainment and wage structure and studies specific to the Philippine setting show that an additional year of schooling increases earnings by 7.5%. This should also allow greater access to higher education for self-supporting students 5. Filipino graduates will be automatically recognized as professionals abroad because we are following the international education standard as practiced by all nations. There will be no need to study again and spend more money in order to qualify to their standards. With this, Filipino professionals who aspire to work abroad will not find a hard time in getting jobs in line with their chosen field and will be able to help their families more in the Philippines as well as the country’s economy with their remittances, property buying, and creation of businesses. For the Society and Economy 6. The economy will experience accelerated growth in the long run. The objective of the K+12 programs is to improve quality of basic education. Several studies have shown that the improvements in the quality of education will increase GDP growth by as much as 2%. Studies in the UK, India and US show that additional years of schooling also have positive overall impact on  society 7. The Philippine education system will be at par with international standards. K+12 will facilitate mutual recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals following the Washington Accord and the Bologna Accord. 8. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socioeconomic development. The Enhanced K+12 Basic Education system will contribute to the development of emotionally and intellectually mature individuals capable of pursuing productive employment or entrepreneurship or higher education disciplines. (Cruz,2010) DISADVANTAGES 1. Parents have to shell out more money (for transportation and food) for education of their children 2. The government does not have the money to pay for two more years of free education, since it does not even have the money to fully support today’s ten years. DepEd must first solve the lack of classroom, furniture and equipment, qualified teachers, and error- free textbooks 3. Filipinos right now are accepted in prestigious graduate schools in the world, even with only ten years of basic education 4. As far as the curriculum is concerned, DepEd should fix the current subjects instead of adding new ones. The problem is the content, not the length, of basic education. As an editorial put it, we need to have better education, not more education 5. A high School diploma will not get anybody anywhere, because business firms will not hire fresh high school graduates 6. Every family dreams of having a child graduate from college 7. While students are stuck in Grade 11 and 12, colleges and universities will have no freshmen for two years. This will spell financial disaster for many private Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) 8. The drop-out rate will increase because of the two extra years. (Cruz, 2010) The additional two years in basic education may not be the only solution to the quality of the educational system. Quality may also depend on the curriculum, the quality of educators and the facilities provided for by the school campuses. With the continuing increase in school tuition, the upgrade on quality education should have already been included. The additional two years will only be to the advantage of the schools and will only make education a more lucrative business. The question remains. Will the new system assure graduates of employment after graduation? If not, the DepEd should instead enhance what we already have and not add to the burden of education. (Malou, 2010) K-12 will give more job opportunities to high school graduates. It will make more globally competitive Filipino students and it will maximize their time on choosing their career base on their ability. (Jennifer, 2011) It’s a given fact that the Aquino administration has good intentions in implementing this K-12 plan. But no matter how good these intentions are, there would still be parts of the society who would give them a hard time making this education amendment. Sadly, the Philippine education system is far behind other countries’. If this K-12 plan would push through, help the concerned parties have that optimism that this would bring our education system a few notches higher. Make everybody realize that yes, we do have quality education here and we are able to produce skillful, well-rounded, and competent young citizens. Chapter 3 CONCLUSION With all the issues that the K-12 Program is facing, it is important that we Filipinos keep faith in our ability to find solutions despite various constraints. It is a timely move of our government to come up with such a reform. Filipinos are known to be competitive in the international community. While this may be true, our current education system hinders us in becoming more competitive among other countries. The K- 12 education plan offers a great solution to that problem. However, it is undeniable that there seems to be problems arising as we implement the program such as lack of government budget, classrooms and school supplies as well as the teachers. But, if we focus on the long- term effect of K- 12, we can conclude that it is very beneficial to us Filipinos. It has the best intentions and that is for the enhancement of the youth, making them locally and globally competitive. Therefore, we must have the strong will in supporting K- 12 Educational Plan for the betterment of our education system and economy. Remember, if we want change in our society, we must start it with our education system. Parents must not think of the financial crisis it might bring their family but must focus on the positive outcome it would  bring their children. There is no impossible when we Filipinos persevere. Setbacks cannot be avoided, but these are not insurmountable dilemmas that innovative Filipinos cannot overcome. If the students will give their all in their studies and competent teachers will equip them with the necessary instructions, then surely, the program will succeed together with realization of all its aims. Change is inevitable, and t he change for the better must be accepted and be supported rather than opposed. TABLE OF CONTENTS I: Introduction II: Body III: Conclusion

Requirements of legislation Essay

Explain how the requirements of legislation, codes of practice and agreed ways of working influence professional supervision. Legislation has leaded us to the point of view that supervision is the requirement for all staff: 1) National Minimum Standards – Supplying good practice of supervision is a mandatory requirement set by National Minimum Standards in UK– covering all criteria and aspects of practice (for example policy and procedures; job descriptions and keeping a balance between outcomes for organisation and the development of the staff), career development needs – (for instance professional training), ensuring that staff gets support from supervisors in the area where they are not coping well. In my setting the staff is supported for acquiring continuous professional development courses offered on-line by the HighScope Research Foundation, time is set for in-house CPD sessions by supervisors. One- to one sessions are held by the supervisor to identify the gaps and allocate the distribution of CPD. Staff is given clear guide lines on safe guarding and other policies, procedures and the job descriptions, realistic outcomes are set for the nursery by supervision, keeping in view the current level of development of the staff. 2) Revised EYFS Welfare requirements — In our practices this has lead to staff being advised to report to any inappropriate behavior of other staff leading to abuse and neglecting of children in the setting and the supervisors maintain absolute confidentiality of such matters Use of mobile phone is prohibited. Staff is not allowed to take pictures of children from their mobile phones. Alternatively sharing pictures on social media websites is strictly prohibited Staff is encouraged to take on CPD – 100% financial aid is provided to take online HighScope courses, once the gaps are identified by talking through the supervisor. 3) CWDC resources – performance management and dynamic and enabling supervisory relationship – This has provided a supervision tool, where quality and service standards are met at the same time retaining the staff. In my setting staff is encouraged to take new skills and knowledge and implement them. They take balanced and calculated risks and experience their new learning in action, without the supervisors taking control of their activities and blaming them for unexpected outcomes. Eventually this leads to success in outcomes. High quality care services are provided with new skills, development of integrated working is supported along with CPD. Bibliography: Book: Jane Cook, (2013) Leadership and Management is Early Years, Practical Pre-School Books Website: www.makingthedifference.com.au/†¦/professional-supervision https://www.childwelfare.gov/management/mgmt_supervision/performance/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator

Health care A TD #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Health care A TD #2 - Essay Example Texting while driving among the youth results in unpredictable driving behaviour such as speeding or lane weaving which increases the chances of hitting pedestrians or hitting other vehicles. Texting splits a driver’s reaction making him or her less able to react to sudden road perils. In order to reduce the rampant use of mobile phones by teenagers and other drivers, the best advocacy efforts would be to post visual images on the internet and set up bill boards along the streets to sensitize the youth on the dangers of texting while driving (Mason et al., 2011). On the internet, the best approach would be to offer the teenagers tips on how they can avoid texting while driving. The visual images can be posted on social media webpages such as Facebook, Twitter, Whatsapp and Google+. The webpage on the internet can also contain information such as how to keep their phones away when in a car or silence them. In order to make the advocacy more effective, the campaign slogan will be â€Å"you text, you call, you

Impact of Demand and Supply on Price and Quantity Essay

Impact of Demand and Supply on Price and Quantity - Essay Example For ringing out the inverse relationship between price and quantity, we have to assume that other things are equal which means that all the factors, other than the price of the goods remain unchanged. This is called the ceteris paribus assumption. In the diagram, the line ABC is called a demand curve which shows the inverse relationship between the price and quantity demanded. The demand curve will always slope downwards to the right. The most important reason for the demand curve sloping downwards is the operation of the law of diminishing marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility explains that the consumer will buy more and more of a commodity only at a lesser price. The term supply means the quantities of goods and services which a seller is willing and able to offer for sale at a price during a period of time. Thus, supply is always at a price, at a particular point of time and at a certain quantity. The law of supply states that other things being equal higher the price greater will be the quantity supplied by the producer and lower the price smaller will be the quantity supplied. There is a direct and positive relationship between price and quantity supplied.. ... LAW OF SUPPLY The term supply means the quantities of goods and services which a seller is willing and able to offer for sale at a price during a period of time. Thus, supply is always at a price, at a particular point of time and at a certain quantity. The law of supply states that other things being equal higher the price greater will be the quantity supplied by the producer and lower the price smaller will be the quantity supplied. There is a direct and positive relationship between price and quantity supplied. ABC is the supply curve. The relationship between the price and quantity supplied is depicted by the supply curve. When price remains constant producers or sellers may come forward to supply less or more at a particular price. This is referred to as a shift in supply. DEMAND INCREASES and SUPPLY INCREASES When both the demand and supply increases the quantity will not be much affected because an increase in demand will be met by an increase in supply. This situation mostly is found during the long period when the firm will have adequate time and resources to meet the increase in demand. In the long run, all the factors are variable. Under the long period, supply and demand fluctuate freely and they become equal. Therefore there will not be much increase or decrease in price and price will remain stable. During the long period, there is ample time for the firm to increase the capital for the expansion of plant and machinery to increase the quantity of output, according to the increase in demand. Therefore supply can be changed to meet the increased demand of any commodity.  

The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa Essay

The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa - Essay Example The introduction of European Christianity and values separated the indigenous Africans from their traditional spiritual roots as well as their traditional distinctiveness as a spiritual people. Traditional African religion is focused on the existence of one Ultimate High God. However, the Europeans who introduced Christianity in Africa didn’t understand or properly appreciate the Africans own understanding of the Great Creator. They saw no resemblance between the God they talked about and the Africans own belief in the One Highest God and creator who was, Omnipotent, king, the Great Judge, Omniscient, Compassionate, Holy and Obscure, Immortal and Supreme (Olupona, 1991). The traditional African belief is that the Great One brought the mysticisms into being. He therefore is the creator and everything in heaven and on earth owes their origin to Him alone. He is the king of kings and can not be likened in majesty. He is above all grandeurs and divinities. He resides everywhere. Thus He is omnipotent and is able to do all things and nothing can be created apart from Him. He is behind all achievements. He alone can speak and accomplish his words (Olupona, 1991). In Yoruba myth, Sango once governed as the fourth Alaafin of Oyo. Sango is said to have succeeded his father as one of the early kings of Oyo, and several verses say that he became a king. He was recognized for his magical power and was feared because when he spoke, fire came out of his mouth (Olupona, 1991).  After his unusual life and controversial death, his friends esteemed him as a god. His cult has enjoyed the royal patronage of the Alaafin of Oyo, who is regarded as his descendant. Sangos cult played a significant role in securing the peoples loyalty to the Alaafin in the days of the Oyo Empire (Olupona, 1991)   History has it that he is the son of Yemoja, the mother goddess and guardian of birth. Sango had three wives. Sangos followers regard him as the epithet of

Effective Leadership Traits Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effective Leadership Traits - Assignment Example The leaders should avoid panicking even though the situation does not work according to their expectations. Effective leaders should always work hard to assure their teams that everything is in control and that challenges always expected, but the most imperative thing is to focus on the main goal of the organization (Wart, 2012). The workers imitate their leaders; therefore, calm leaders will make workers calm and keep them working for better performance. Â  According to Wart (2012), effective leaders should be committed to performing their duties such as motivating their team and leading by example. A responsible leader sets the organizational goals and communicates them to their team. They build the capacity of the workers to pursue those goals by providing them with appropriate resources and motivating the workers to pursue organizational goals. Responsible leaders mobilize the organizational resources for the achievement of organizational goals and helping the workers to develop their careers and achieve self-fulfillment (Morse et. al., 2007). Therefore, effective leaders should have concern for both the organization and the workers by ensuring they grow together. Â  A leader is someone who has a vision of what the organization intends to achieve within a specified period both in the long-run and in short-term (Wart, 2012). There is a vacuum of knowledge between the leader and his or her team until that leader shares the vision with the team members. Effective leaders should be able to disseminate the knowledge they have to their team in a clear and concisely in order to enable them to move in the same direction.

The Civil War its Causes, Events, and Relevance to Black Participation Essay

The Civil War its Causes, Events, and Relevance to Black Participation - Essay Example ingly, the civil war that augmented American power over the economy as well, until it competed and later beat that of the rest of countries (Glatthaar 34). Subsequent to the civil war, the nation of America had a changed sense of incorporating their states as an alternative to a split corporation of states containing their personal histories and institutions as well. Abruptly, the American nation was monogamous. Both Southern and Northern parts of America grew along diverse lines. The North section emerged more developed while on the other hand, the Southern stayed a primarily agrarian economy. Diverse political values and social cultures emerged. As a result, there were many discrepancies on matters concerning tariffs, taxes and internal enhancements. There was also disagreement on federal rights in opposition to states rights. The discussion over the prospect of slavery was the blazing matter that directed to union interference. The quarrel resulted to secession and later to the war whereby the Western and Northern states as well as terrorists battled to maintain the union (Aaron 52). The South brawled to institute Southern sovereignty as a new state’s confederacy under its personal constitution. The agrarian South employed its slaves to work on its farms as a well as executing other duties. On the Civil war’s eve, around four million Africans as well as their descendants la bored as slaves in the South. As much as, it was just a small section of the South who really contained slaves, slavery was interlaced into the Southern economy. The individuals who possessed the most slaves earned the highest respect and got higher positions in the society. Individuals’ businesses and properties symbolized the biggest fraction of the corporate and private wealth as land and cotton values reduced and slave’s price increased. Meanwhile, the Northern states eliminated slavery slowly (Blackmon 67). There was a stable flow immigrants coming from Germany and Ireland, at

Cheap lapor Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cheap lapor - Essay Example In addition to the assistantships program, the graduate students also have access to educational funding. This is basically to attract more international students to take advantage of the outstanding graduate programs the university offers. Assistantships are the most regular schemes of financial backing to graduate studies. Since the implementation of the said development plans, close to 65 percent of graduate students admitted yearly at the university are beneficiaries of graduate student assistantships (Purdue.edu). As a graduate student at Purdue University, you may benefit from teaching, research, or administrative/specialized assistantships to assist you cater for educational costs and at the same time benefiting from rich employment experience. However, students need to note that when they secure an assistantship, they are regarded as part time workers with the university and the will enjoy all the benefits of assistantship (Purdue.edu). Among these benefits include: Students also need to know that assistantship program is not limited on department; that is, they can either secure assistantships from their departments of admission or from other department that is not relevant to their faculty, but this is limited to the areas of placements and availability of chances. This plan is made subject to the continued outcry of our graduate students who are benefiting from the graduate assistantship program. The concern by the student is founded on the following main reasons; Therefore, this negotiation plan is developed principally to address these three main concerns by our graduate students under the assistantship program. In addressing this issue, it is imperative that we give background information regarding the graduate program, graduate student government, VP /dean of graduate school, President of the Graduate Student Group (Todd, 34). The history of the university dates back to 1862 the then president of the United States Lincoln

Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Code of Ethics Paper - Essay Example Doctors quiet often come across with difficult situations in which they were confused of whether to inform the patient about his/her critical conditions or not. Most of the patients may develop more stress and their condition may become too bad if they came to know that their diseases are incurable and their remaining time in the earth is limited. This often prevents the doctors from informing them about their exact conditions. But as per medical ethics a patient has every right to know about his medical condition even if it is worst or good. Moreover he/she has the right to know more about his health conditions and to accept or reject treatments. In short, autonomy of the patients in accepting or rejecting treatments often been raises many ethical questions. This paper briefly analyses the feasibility of enforcing autonomy of patients in accepting or rejecting treatments in healthcare sector. Autonomy of patients and ethical theories As per the Utilitarian theory of ethics, the mora l validity of an action is determined by the outcome of the action. But as per Kantian ethical theory the purpose of morality is not to make others happy, but to do the right thing just for the sake of doing (Maccarelli, 2006). Utilitarian always assess an activity based on the utility of it. Suppose a patient is experiencing severe pain and the doctors have no hope in saving his life. Under such circumstances the patient may demand mercy killing. If the doctor accepts the patient’s demand, the patient will be benefitted or the utility of mercy killing will be positive for the patient. However, medical ethics ask the healthcare professionals to save the life of the patients rather than taking it. In other words, the doctor will be put into a dilemma when the patient demands mercy killing. But as per medical ethics the autonomy of the patient should be respected. The patient has every right to know about his/her medical condition and the doctor is liable to explain him/her abo ut the present condition and the future prospects. Legally or morally, the doctor don’ have the right to keep the health conditions of the patient as a secret. Keeping the patient optimistic about the recovery when there is no chance is one way of cheating the patient. The patient has trusted the doctor and hence it is morally wrong to give him wrong information about his/her health condition. In short, according to utilitarian ethics, the autonomy of the patient should be given prominence over the professional ethics of the doctor. According to the principles of utilitarianism, cultural, intellectual and spiritual pleasures are of greater value than mere physical pleasure. When we give autonomy to the patients in determining their future, the patients can prepare themselves for accepting the death just like Britain’s famous reality show celebrity Joe Goody did. Joe Goody has celebrated even her death and she has earned lot of money for her kids by selling the outright claim for telecasting her last moments. In short, respecting the autonomy of the patients in taking decisions about their future will bring material benefits also to the patients and the relatives. Kantian ethics also argues in favour of the autonomy of patients. Kant argued that we usually label a parson’s activity as good or evil based on our traditional beliefs and customs rather than

DELL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

DELL - Essay Example The most disappointing thing was the location of the launch as the Chinese got the first experience being the aim market for Dell; evidently, this itself was substandard for the people in the west (Camp 2012). All the same, the phone looked splendid with a rare design; moreover, it had a built-in receiver and ran on an Open Mobile System. Once people heard about these and other features, the interest faded slowly; naturally, for a leading computer technology company, one would expect features such as 3G circuitry in an android phone manufactured in China. Most of the consumers also lamented about the lack of Wi-Fi in the smartphone; in fact, the only type of wireless network that the device had was Bluetooth. The touchscreen was better off with a screen resolution greater than that of the iPhone; appreciably, the camera was standard but not top class. However, to add on to the problems, the device lacked a favorable keyboard, which was disappointing as the iPhone and android Samsung phones launched before it had the same problem thus people expected an improvement on this model. Generally, the Dell Mini i3 smartphone was a downfall for the company and the only reason very few considered it was because of impressive features such as Micro SD card slot or the USB port. Essentially, Dell China and China Mobile faced the greatest challenge then, due to a lot of criticism; however, Dell took almost all the blame because this was their first smartphone and it seems China Mobile was not in support of launching the project because no updates have come up (Camp 2012). Decisively, Dell requires a new and unique smartphone to redeem the company as a whole and that particular division, definitely, the new gadget, better than the latest iPhone or android Samsung phones will meet the customers’ needs and act as a foundation for corporate social responsibility and

The Family That Walks on All Fours Essay Example for Free

The Family That Walks on All Fours Essay In The Family that Walks on All Fours, a documentary by PBS NOVA, a genetic anomaly was discovered in a remote location in Turkey. A family of twenty-one, two parents and nineteen children, six of the children were born quadrupedal. The diagnosis was a debate between reverse evolution and a mental deficiency in the cerebellum; both of which deal with genetics. However, it was not debatable that many key factors such as inbreeding amongst close relatives, isolation, the nature of the genes involved, and the role of environment and culture on the expression of the gene. Inbreeding amongst many species is common and not usually deleterious, but with the complexity of the human genome increases the chance of mutations. The reason inbreeding is common amongst many animals is because of assortative mating, which is a reproductive isolating mechanism in which a mate is chosen based upon certain specifications deemed valuable to the species. This is also a form of pre-zygotic selection. In the case of the family observed the parents were found to be first cousins, which is unusual for members of our species to mate when that closely related. One of the potential reasons for why this inbreeding could have happened is the geographical isolation. The community is in essence allopatric to the neighboring towns since that sort of travel is unfeasible to their lifestyle. It is unlikely that this family is a â€Å"genetic throwback† or a â€Å"missing link† and it was almost offensive to the family to act as if they were in reverse evolution, especially with the culture of the surrounding community. Throwing around labels like these are not helpful to a family in need of help of medical assistance so they are not seen as demons or monsters. However, this family could provide critical information about mobility in regards to the genome. MRI scans suggested that the brothers and sisters have a form of cerebellar ataxia. The condition affects the brains cerebellum, which is located at the top of the neck and is associated with balance and muscle coordination. Since it has been discovered, according to the video, that there is a basic set of â€Å"blueprints† odds are there is a gene for cerebral development. If the gene associated with cerebral development could be located it could not only help this family but many others with diffe rent cerebral defects as well. Due to the culture, the oldest brother taught himself to walk upright. With assistance and physical therapy majority of the affected siblings have been able to begin to walk upright. Some conclusions that can be drawn would be that this quadrupedalism is a recessive since only five out of nineteen children are affected. It cannot be sex linked for many reasons, one of which being that three daughters and two sons were affected. It is possible by definition that it could be a lethal allele in the aspect that there was a miscarriage and it clearly interferes with essential genes, but it probably is not. Hopefully continued research can lead to further insight into what genes are involved with this condition and more knowledge about cerebral development, motor function, and evolution.

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay

A Critical Commentary Of Voltaires Candide English Literature Essay Voltaires work, Candide, uses powerful satirical narrative to represent slavery in the eighteenth century, the supposed Age of Reason, and Candides epiphany, represented throughout the course of the extract. The passage follows the travels of Candide and his fellows to Buenos-Aires, in search of his beloved Cunà ©gonde. After five days of travelling, he arrives, with Cacambo, outside the town of Surinam, where they encounter a mutilated slave. The theme of slavery is represented most effectively through the descriptions given by the characters, rather than the physical description of the scene provided by the narrator. A slave or nà ¨gre is found on the ground. His physical position, à ©tendu par terre, reflects his social class and the degradation of slaves. The slaves garment, un caleà §on de toile bleue, is hardly weather-proof or durable, highlighting the poverty endured by slaves and the ruthless attitude of their masters. Voltaire withholds the name of the slave, emphasising the disregard for human life implied within society. Nà ¨gre is used to represent the entire slave population. This pejorative term further highlights societys attitude. However, it is important to note that Candide first calls him mon ami, indicating his open nature, perhaps a reflection of Voltaires opinion of slavery. Whilst the masters of slaves are very disrespectful of their slaves, the nà ¨gre calls his keeper maà ®tre, showing a profound respect. To add to masters grandeur, the slave recalls his position in society, qualifying it with the adjective fameux. In this paragraph, the depiction of slavery is brutal, with the tragedies of the workplace and punishment discussed with a banal acceptance. The language used when the slave describes how la meule nous attrape le doigt, on nous coupe la main; quand nous voulons nous enfuir, on nous coupe la jambe gives a feeling of breathlessness and the futility of his attempt to escape. This description of suffering draws accurately on legislation concerning delinquent slaves set out in in the 1685 Code Noir  [2]  .The description also draws a parallel between the relationship between the slave and his master. Voltaires use of restrictive adverbials,  [3]  such as neà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦que demonstrate the physical effects of cruelty on the slave. The language used by the slave is resigned, with a repetitive use of passive structures such as on nous. The slave then coldly states, cest à   ce prix que vous mangez du sucre en Europe. This simple statement highlights the corruption, not only in slavery, but in all levels of society. Leibnizs philosophy of Optimism is evident in the representation of slavery. The slaves resigned account shows an acceptance of life shared with those who follow the belief of Optimism. Leibniz claimed that both human and moral evils were part of a greater good  [4]  .This is further emphasised by the qualification of slavery by the mother of the slave as un honneur. The slave adds an optimistic cependant; this sudden element of bathos reinforces Pangloss meilleur des mondes outlook on life. This optimistic view, personified through Pangloss, contrasts greatly with Candides opinions after witnessing the situation. The absurdity of Optimism, with reference to the slave-trade, is shown when Cacambo asks, Quest-ce que quoptimisme? Cacambo has not used an article before optimism, emphasising how little he cares for it. With reference to the novel as a whole, Optimism is only mentioned directly within this passage. As soon as it is mentioned, it is denounced. Further to the slaves acc ount, he compares his situation with that of des chiens, des singes et des perroquets. The animals might possibly represent the different social classes within society. The passage emphasises how slavery was represented in monetary terms; the slave was sold by his mother for ten à ©cus patagons, the currency of Spain at the time. Moreover, throughout the slaves account of how he came to be in this position, it appears that slavery was represented differently in the West from the homelands of the slaves. The nà ¨gre recalls how his mother told him ils te feront vivre heureux, describing it as an honour to work for nos seigneurs, les blancs. It is interesting that the masters are classed as les Blancs. Voltaire divides society not only by social class, but also by race. It is clear that the people of Guinà ©e were disillusioned by the notion of slavery. The confusion is further emphasised by the religious theme central to the passage. The lexical field of religion emphasises the religious beliefs of the slaves, a central theme in their African culture. Evidently, the slave is religious, as he attends church tous les dimanches. However, Voltaire highlights, yet again, the corruption within society by making it clear to the reader that the slave had been converted. The Pasteur claims that they are tous enfants dAdam, blancs et noirs. This contradicts his earlier statement of the masters being les blancs. Like his clothes and culture, his religious identity has been stripped from him. Here, Voltaire is criticising the social system of the period. It is clear that the slaves are taught what they know not to be true, yet they accept it as it is the way of the world in which they live. Despite Voltaires thought-provoking depiction of slavery in the passage, it is interesting to look critically at Candides attitude to the situation. When he first encounters the slave on the road, he addresses him in a friendly manner, symbolising his naivety and lack of understanding. Voltaires portrayal of Candides naivety is referenced even in his name. Candide is taken from Latin and connotes whiteness, openness, naivety, innocence and, more negatively, inexperience and credulity.  [5]  The passive language of the slave throughout his description of his horrific ordeal is a direct juxtaposition with the raw emotion portrayed through Candides reaction. The flaws in Panglosss optimism are clearly highlighted, especially during Candides discourse. W.H Barber suggest that the characters help Voltaire in his purpose of parodying the episodic adventure novel [making it possible for the reader] to view characters and narrative as it were externally, and consequently critically to become aware of the caricature and exaggeration, the deliberate implausibilities, the bathetic contrasts  [6]  . Despite Candides denouncing of belief, he does little else to react to the situation. Candide merely begins to cry, leaving the slave where he found him. The reader criticises Candide for not helping to free the slave from his bind in society. Voltaire is provoking this response in the reader to make clear the effects of passivity. He also seems to regard the problem as so large and horrifying that [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] one can only weep and go on ones way, or presumably, continue to eat sugar with a guilty conscience.  [7]   Throughout this passage, irony plays very little part. However, other narrative techniques are employed. Personal deixis is used when Candide is talking to the slave. He asks, que fais-tu là  , mon ami, dans là ©tat horrible oà ¹ je te vois?Here it is impossible for the reader to understand the situation and the horrible state that the slave is in without reading into the context of the question. The theme of culture can be thoroughly examined in this passage. Talking en hollandais, Candide emphasises his European background compared with the African culture of the slave. Division within society is clearly illustrated when the slave tells Candide that his mutilation is the price that he has paid to eat sugar en Europe. Voltaire demonstrates that the world is divided. Interestingly, the slave understands Candides Dutch, highlighting their cultural awareness, the importance of communication and the enforcement of other cultures upon slaves. The cultural toleration of the slaves is juxtaposed with the attitude of Western civilisation. African culture appears to be more family-oriented when compared with Candides upbringing. The slave refers to his mother, ma mere, showing his respect for the advice given to him by his family. Throughout this passage of Voltaires Candide, slavery is represented in a number of ways, most notably by the description provided by the slave himself. In addition, Candides attitude highlights the philosophy of Optimism that Voltaire aims to discuss throughout the entire book. It is said that the narrative of Candide is [..] a vehicle carefully designed to convey a philosophical discussion of topical concern both to the author and reader  [8]  . In conclusion, Voltaire has employed a palette of narrative techniques to enrich this passage of the book. Word Count= 1,490 Bibliography MHRA format Barber, W.H., Studies in French Literature 5, Voltaire: Candide (London: W.H. Barber, 1960) Cronk ,Professor Nicholas, Voltaire and the Voices of Enlightenment, read by Simon Russell Beale, (BBC Radio 3, 2010) Mason,Haydn, European Masters  : Voltaire (London  : Hutchinson, 1975) Williams,David, Voltaire:Candide (London: Grant and Cutler Ltd, 1997) Voltaire, Candide, Presentation by Jean Goldzink, (Paris, Editions Flammarion, 2007)

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection

Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Recent Developments in Oxidation Resistance and Fracture Toughness of Ultra High Temperature Ceramics for Thermal Protection Systems Katrin Abrahams (Dated: February 3, 2015) For safer and faster space vehicles a reduction of the tipradius of the leading edges is inevitable. This leads to temperatures exceeding 2200  °C which the used material has to withstand. ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC have suitable properties, but the oxidation resistance and fracture toughness at high temperatures have to be improved. This review describes the recent approaches to handle these problems that base mainly on the addition of a third material (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). The addition of either La2O3 or Gd2O3 led to increased oxidation resistance, but the processing, the amount of additive and the testing methods have to be improved. Due to the addition of graphite à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes the fracture toughness of ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) increased from 1. INTRODUCTION The Thermal Protection System (TPS) of space ve ­hicles is one of the most important parts of the whole vehicle [1–3]. This protects it from the heating during re-entry. During this process the temperatures are very high, especially at the nose cone and leading edges as shown in Fig. 1. Figure 1: Temperature proà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ le of a space vehicle during re ­entry prepared by the NASA. The dark red colour represents the highest temperatures and the light blue regions are coolest parts (copied from [4]). The tip of the leading edge has a radius of 10 cm, but a radius in the range of millimetres is wished so that sharp leading edges instead of blunt leading edges can be used [5]. This would have the advantage to â€Å"help reduce the vehicles drag, enhance maneuverability and performance, and also improve safety due to an increased cross-range-capability† [5]. The problem of a smaller tip radius is that this leads to higher surface temperatures, which can exceed 2000  °C [6, 7]. Jin et al. [8] investigated the maximum surface tempera ­ture depending on the radius of the tip using an oxyacety ­lene torch. Fig. 2 shows that the temperature increases from 1930  °C with a radius of 1.5 mm to 2100  °C with the radius of 0.15 mm. Due to the high requirements for these materials only a few can be considered. Very good potential for the usage show Ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTC). These are ceramic materials with high melting points (> 3000  °C), good thermal shock resistance and chem ­ical and mechanical stability e.g. ZrB2, ZrC, HfB2 or HfC [6, 9, 10]. Although the carbides have a higher melt ­ing point than the diborides, their thermal conductivity is lower, which is very important because the heat on the surface has to be transported as fast as possible away [5]. Therefore the main focus of research is on ZrB2 and HfB2. The problem with these diborides is their brittleness and their oxidation at temperatures exceeding 1200  °C [11]. To fabricate a more ductile material SiC was added to ZrB2 or HfB2 [12]. Although ZrB2/SiC and HfB2/SiC are promising materi ­als for the usage in TPS, there are still two main problems which have to be solved. On the one hand side there is still the problem with the oxidation resistance at higher temperatures [11, 13]. On the other hand the fracture toughness decreases with the temperature to rather low values which also leads to mechanical problems [14]. This review gives an overview over solution attempts that have been made in the last years, with the main focus on ZrB2/SiC. 2. OXIDATION RESISTANCE The oxidation resistance of MeB2/SiC (Me = Zr, Hf) depends on the ratio of MeB2/SiC [10, 15], the pres ­sure [10, 16, 17], the temperature [18], the exposure time [19], on the processing [20, 21] and in case of the addition of additives also on their chemical structure and the amount of additive [22, 23]. Considering just ZrB2, the following happens during ox ­idation [24]: The liquid B2O3 forms a protection layer for the porous ZrO2 layer, where oxygen can dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use very fast and easily through. But at 1100  °C this protective layer evaporates and cannot prevent the oxidation of the bulk material anymore. The addition of SiC leads to the following additional re ­actions [10, 25, 26]: During oxidation four dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent layers can form (Fig. 3). Above the bulk material the SiC depleted zone forms, where SiC oxidizes to SiO2 which forms a borosilicate (BS) glass on the surface. This layer is porous due to the formation and evaporation of CO (Eq. (2)). Above this layer there is the oxidized layer, which consists of porous ZrO2 and the upper layer is the Silica rich layer which consist of the BS glass, that also à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lls partly the pores of the ZrO2 layer. Due to the evaporation of B2O3, the protection layer is shrinking over time and shows an oxidation resistance up to 1600  °C [24, 26]. In general the oxidation resistance is measured by the thickness of the reaction zone under the given parameters of the experiment. But also the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of O2 is important but rarely measured. 2.1. Ratio ZrB2/SiC The dependency of the oxidation resistance on the ra ­tio of ZrB2/SiC was investigated by many researchers [10, 12, 15, 27–29]. The addition of SiC led in all cases to a re ­duction in grain size, a homogeneous distribution of SiC, higher viscosity and higher density. Karlsdottir et al. [29] investigated not only the reaction Figure 3: Schematic demonstration of the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent layers that form during oxidation of ZrB2/SiC and their arrangement. zone thickness but also the viscosity depending on the volume fraction of SiC. The results are shown in Table I and an increase in viscosity with the amount of SiC can be seen. This reduces the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of O2 in the layer. Seong et al. [10] compared ZrB2, ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%), ZrB2/SiC (30 vol%) and ZrB2/SiC (40 vol%) and mea ­sured the resulting thickness of the reaction zone. All samples were densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed by hot pressing and exhibit a ho ­mogeneous distribution of SiC. The grain sizes were be ­tween 1.0  µm and 3.0  µm. They investigated the oxi ­dation under low and high pressure and the results are shown in Figure 4. The SiC depletion layer did not form and therefore the reaction zone consisted only of the Silica rich layer and the oxidized zone. In air (2âˆâ€"104 Pa) the thickness of the reaction zone was in ZrB2 the thickest due to the missing protecting silica layer and with increasing amount of SiC the thickness de ­creases. The problem with high amounts of SiC (30 vol%) is, that it does not form single grains anymore, but in ­stead a network, which leads to higher porosity. Under low pressure the behaviour is vice versa. Because the space shuttle has to deal with low and normal pressure ZrB2/SiC with 20 vol% or 30 vol% SiC is the best choice. Apart from the improvements of oxidation resistance due to optimization of the ZrB2/SiC ratio, at temper ­atures above 1800  °C active oxidation (Eq. (4)) of SiC takes place and this hinders the formation of the BS layer. 2.2. Additives To increase the oxidation resistance at higher temper ­atures transition metals were added to the ZrB2/SiC ma ­trix [21, 30–32]. They are suitable due to their high melt ­ing points and low reactivity with the environment [30]. The transition metal cations can be enclosed in the BS layer to form a higher viscous layer that decreases O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion [11]. Furthermore this may lead to a higher evaporation point of the protective layer so that the ma ­terials are stable at T > 2000  °C. This is based on an assumption, the mechanism how the transition cations interact with ZrB2 and SiC is not understood yet but in general a positive trend to higher oxidation resistance can be seen [11]. Several attempts were made with many dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent transi ­tion metal oxides [9, 30], borides [11, 33], carbides [21, 31] and silicates [32]. This review focuses on La2O3 and Gd2O3 because they are the most promising additives and introduce two dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent processing methods that ef ­fect the properties [30]. 2.2.1. Addition of La2O3 The addition of La2O3 to ZrB2/SiC was investigated by several researchers and led to dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent results, espe ­cially various new phases were found [6, 9, 22, 23]. Ta ­ble II gives an overview over the composition, the pro ­cessing routes to densify the material and the new phases that were discovered. Although Table II shows many dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent results, gen ­eral trends due to the addition of La2O3 despite the usage of dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent processing routes (hot pressing, spark plasma sintering (SPS)) were observed [6, 22, 23]: †¢ Higher density Higher Vickers Hardness Reduction of grain sizes Besides the use of La2O3 leads to a more homogenized distribution of SiC, because it is always close to it and therefore prevents agglomeration [9]. In the case of fracture toughness there are contradictory statements: Li et al. [22] measured an increased fracture toughness compared to the material without additive and Guo et al. [23] published a lower fracture toughness due to the addition of La2O3. After hot pressing at 1900  °C for 60 min Li et al. [22] dis ­covered the formation of new phases: La2Zr2O7 (melting point: 2295  ± 10  °C [9]) and La2Si2O7 due to the follow ­ing reactions: 2ZrO2(s)+ La2O3(s) → La2Zr2O7(s) (5) 2SiO2(s)+ La2O3(s) → La2Si2O7(s) (6) La2Zr2O7 was also observed by Zapata et al. [6] and Jayaseelan et al. [9] but no other working group detected the formation of La2Si2O7. The addition of 10 wt% La2O3, densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed by SPS and oxidized for 1 h in air at 1600  °C led to the formation of two dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent oxidized layers [9]. On the surface a La ­BS-glass formed (Eq. (7)), below it two oxidized layers, one consisting of La2Zr2O7 (Eq. (5)) and the other one of ZrO2. SiO2 + La2O3 → La − BS − glass (7) The large expansion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient of La2O3 causes à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lling of the pores that appear after the evaporation of B2O3 and therefore still protects the bulk material. The same composition and the same processing was used by Guo et al. [23] but they could not detect the new phases. Instead they found out that La2O3 reacts Table II: Overview over the composition (always ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) + the given amount La2O3), the processing route and the new phases that formed. amount La2O3 processing new phase 5 vol% hot pressing La2Zr2O7 (1900  °C, 60 min) La2Si2O7 3 vol% hot pressing La2O3-SiO2 (1900  °C, 60 min) 10 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1600  °C, 1 h, air) La-BS-glass 2 wt% SPS La2Zr2O7 oxidized (1400  °C, 16 h, air) La-BS-glass with SiO2 to form La2O3-SiO2 as a protective layer. Further studies were made by Zapata et al. [6] who used less La2O3 (2 wt%). Due to the proximity of the La2O3 particles to the SiC particles they are also included in the BS melt whereby this results in a higher viscosity, a higher thermal stability and in general a better protec ­tion against O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion. The oxidation tests show that at 1400  °C the sample with La2O3 has a better oxidation resistance but at 1500  °C and 1600  °C it is worse. The reason is that because of the addition of La2O3 the BS layer has a higher viscos ­ity and therefore the ZrO2 particles cannot precipitate directly to the top of the surface layer. This leads to a more homogeneous mixing with the BS melt. The oxy ­gen dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion through ZrO2 is much easier than through B2O3 and therefore a homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 makes it easier for O2 to dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use through this layer, al ­though the La-BS-glass has a higher viscosity due to the addition of La2O3. Mo reover at 1600  °C ZrOxCy and SiOxCy form with dif ­ferent O/C ratios which were found in the BS melt and in the oxide layer [6]. This can be seen as another pro ­tection layer because when O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬uses into the oxidation layer it will react with ZrOxCy or SiOxCy, so it can be seen as a puà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬er zone and it takes longer until the oxygen reaches the bulk material. HfB2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ers from ZrB2 because the formation of HfO2 is more dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult [6]. Therefore a smaller amount is formed which leads to a lower amount of B2O3 and therefore a thinner protection layer compared to ZrB2. But it has the advantage that the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion coeà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient for O2 through HfO2 is smaller. Another problem in the case of HfB2 is that SiC is not as homogeneously distributed as in ZrB2 and it forms large agglomerates. When these agglomerates become oxidized they leave behind a highly porous material where O2 can easily dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use throug h. This shows that further improvements are inevitable in a more homogeneous distribution, further analysis of the new formed phases must be made and the C/O ratio can Figure 5: Topview (a) and sideview (b) of the surface with the dimensions of the cavities for Gd2O3. oxidation layer was 15  ± 3  µm and formed in accordance with the following reaction equation [9]: 2Gd2O3(s)+2ZrO2(s) → Gd2Zr2O7(s) (8) Gd2O3(s)+ SiO2(s)+ B2O3(l) → Gd − BS − glass (9) The thickness of the layer below it was 160  µm and consisted mainly of porous ZrO2 due to the oxidation and evaporation of the glassy phase. The advantage of Gd-BS-glass compared to BS glass is the higher viscosity and therefore the reduced dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion of O2 through this coating. At higher Gd2O3 fractions Gd stops ZrO2 particles at the glassy phase and they cannot dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬use further. This leads to O2 vacancies which is the driving force for inward O2 dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion. Using a distance of 20  µm between the cavi ­ties, the Gd2O3 fraction is high enough to get a higher viscosity in the BS melt but ZrO2 can still precipitate so that no O2 inward dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬usion occurs. 3. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS In 2009 the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst tests were made to include graphite in the ZrB2/SiC matrix [34, 35]. Hu et al. [34] investigated the fraction of additive graphite to ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%). They found out that the addition of graphite led to a 1high dense material with an increasing fracture toughness be optimized. But the addition of La2O3 is already a from 4.5 MPam (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%)) to 6.1 MPam1 22 very promising approach for a better oxidation resistance although further research is necessary. 2.2.2. Addition of Gd2O3 For an improved surface and at the same time un ­changed bulk material a new processing method was in ­vented [11]: At à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rst the sample was prepared and densi ­Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ed using the bulk material ZrB2/SiC. Afterwards they used a laser to make equal sized cavities on the surface that were à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ lled with Gd2O3 nanopowder. The dimen ­sions of the best sample can be seen in Fig. 5. Due to this new processing it was possible to create only a thin protection layer that consisted of BS mixed with Gd2O3 ( Eq. (9)). After 1 h in air under 1600  °C the thickness of the outer (ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol% + graphite)). The dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erences be ­tween 10 vol% and 15 vol% graphite were negligible small. Moreover there were investigations about the inà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of the diameter size of the graphite à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes [36]. They found out that in the range of micrometres the diameter size does not change the fracture toughness. Asl et al. [14] used soft graphite nano-à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes. They found out that ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + graphite (10 vol%) showed a higher density than the samples without graphite. Furthermore the addition of graphite led to a decrease in grain size from 6.9  µm to 3.2  µm. The reason is the homogeneous distribution of graphite which stopped grain growth. Because of the reactions of graphite with the surface impurities the addition of graphite results in higher dense samples: ZrO2(s)+ B2O3(l)+5C(s) → ZrB2(s)+5CO(g) (10) The particles that form due to this reactions can à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ll the pores in the ZrB2/SiC matrix and therefore lead to a higher density. The resulting fracture toughness can be seen in Fig. 6. An increase in fracture toughness due to the addition of graphite is obvious. The following mechanisms led in this case to a higher fracture toughness: nano-à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes pull-out, crack bridging, branching and deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection. 1 Figure 6: Fracture toughness depending on the composition of the sample at RT [14]. Wang et al. [37] investigated the dependency of the fracture toughness of ZrB2 + SiC (20 vol%) + 1 graphite (15 vol%) on the temperature in vacuum and in air (Fig. 7). Over the whole temperature range the fracture toughness in air was higher than that in vac ­uum. In vacuum the fracture toughness decreases from This oxidation layer densià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ es with higher tempera ­ture and yields in higher fracture toughnesses than with ­out this layer. That is the reason why there is nearly no decrease in fracture toughness between 1200  °C and 1300  °C. Moreover crack deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection which absorbs the energy leads to higher fracture toughnesses at higher temperature. These mechanisms all result in a slower decrease in frac ­ture toughness in air than in vacuum. Figure 7: Fracture toughness depending on the environment and on the temperature [37]. 4. CONCLUSION The recent developments to improve the oxidation re ­sistance and the fracture toughness based mainly on the addition of a third component (La2O3, Gd2O3 or graphite). Concerning the oxidation resistance, the best matrix composition is ZrB2/SiC (20 vol%) because it shows the best oxidation protection over the whole range of O2 partial pressure. Above 1800  °C active oxidation of SiC begins and oxidation resistance is not given anymore. at 1300  °C because The approaches for a better oxidation resistance at higher ual thermal stresses between the ZrB2/SiC matrix and temperatures due to the addition of La2O3 or Gd2O3 arethe graphite inclusions are released. The residual stresses very promising, but more research to understand the real acted at low temperature as toughening mechanism and function of the additives and the interaction with the ma ­with the release of these stresses the fracture toughness trix is necessary. Furthermore there are many parameecreases. At 1300  °C the group observed a brittle to ductile trans ­formation which leads to a slight increase of fracture toughness. But afterwards the fracture toughness de ­creases further due to the distorted graphite and the larger ZrB2 grain sizes. In air at higher temperature the material starts to ox ­idize and a oxidation layer forms on the surface due to ters that have to be optimized, e.g the amount of ad ­ditive, the processing route and especially the analytical approaches. Due to the varying experimental parameters and insuà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient analytical tests it is dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult to compare results. To solve this problems standard tests have to be introduced and a wider temperature range for oxidation has to be investigated. The fracture toughness increased due to the addition of Eq. (1), (2) and the following reaction: graphite from 4.5 MPam to 7.1 MPam creases, but also this is slowed down due to the graphite tives, because extensive testing of the dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erent samples à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡akes. is missing. Especially tests under real atmospheric and Taken into account the oxidation resistance and the frac-re-entry conditions are important but not done yet. ture toughness it is dià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cult to announce the best addi ­

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis :: Papers

Kerrang Magazine Blink182 Article Analysis * Blink182 - when they were younger * This Blink182 interview was published in alternative music magazine 'Kerrang' - issue 979 in November and was written by Tom Bryant. It's purposes are mainly to discuss their past, their success and above all their new album ! They tell us how it was almost never made as two years ago they were ready to split. This article is informative and at times quite humorous, 'There are many ways you'd imagine how a conversation with Tom DeLonge might start. Most of them involve a certain level of immaturity, a teenage crack about blow jobs, poop or possibly your mother. A reasoned debate on Californian politics is roughly last on the list '. But it also feels sad as the band recall feeling as though they were drifting apart. I think fans of the band would find this piece interesting. The implied readers would include Blink's fans (usually teenagers), people considering buying their latest album, fans of punk-rock music and people who may just be curious about them. So in general - most readers of 'Kerrang' i.e- people interested in alternative music such as punk, metal and rock. Having read the article through a few times now i have noticed that it differs to previous Blink interviews i have read. As a group they have been out of the public eye for the past two years producing their self titled album. Although Blink are a hugely successful, international band and every young person knows a little about them i dont think there is any evidence of implied reader knowledge. After reading the title page 'But seriously folks...' we know right away Blink have grown up as it describes their old stuff is out and new mature material is the way forward. This feeling of change continues throughout the piece. It feels new, exciting and deep. I dont think this interview was planned, as the guys seem to be relaxed and speak their mind. Which i think helps put their

Effects of Smoking While Pregnant :: smoking while pregnant

During a pregnancy there are many choices to be made and smoking should not be one of them. Smoking while pregnant can cause major effects before the birth of the child and also in the child’s future. Here are a few effects before the actual birth of the child: 1) Cigarettes contains a large number of chemicals that harm unborn babies. 2) Smoking raises the levels of carbon monoxide in your bloodstream. This gives less oxygen for baby. 3) Nicotine tightens the blood vessels, meaning the oxygen is passed over less effectively to the baby 4) Miscarriage or stillborn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome triples if the mother has smoked during pregnancy. â€Å"It is estimated that twenty-five percent of expectant mothers in the U.S. smoke throughout their pregnancies. According to a report from the Surgeon General, twenty percent of low birth weight births, either percent of preterm deliveries and five percent of all perinatal could be prevented by eliminating smoking during pregnancy.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Not only can smoking cause considerable damage to the unborn baby, but it could affect the baby later in life. Smoking increases the chances of the baby having birth defects. For example, the child might develop severe brain damage. The baby also might be considerably light in weight. All these outcomes are extremely negative and can cause guilt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another thing that should be taken into consideration is secondhand smoke. Even though the smoking is not being done firsthand, there is still a big risk. Side effects of secondhand smoke are ear infections, colds, and damage to the lungs. And even though it is not definite that complications during pregnancy might not occur, the chance of putting a child at risk for the sake of smoking a cigarette should not be taken.

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks

The Effects of Addicting to Cyber Social Networks Social network is an addictive thing nowadays. I believe that everyone, start from teenagers up to old people addict to cyber social networks. Almost every single breathe, they update their twit, their statues, etc. If we cannot control ourselves to use this social network in the good way, it will not take a long time for us to get the bad impacts. There are so many bad impacts of addicting social networks.First of all, we will next to our far away people we usually connected to, but we will be far with the people around us. How come? Many people always keep contact to their friends in cyber world by social networking, so they often don’t care with the people around them. That condition absolutely makes others feel uncomfort to talk with that person. So, don’t be surprised if those real friends will stay away from that person. Actually it’s good to keep contact with people who far away with us. However, real frien ds are more important than cyber friends.Why? Because if we have a problem, real friends will help us directly than cyber friends. So the main point here, we have to priority our real friends first, then our cyber friends. The second is our main activity will be annoyed because of addicting to social networks. I am sure that we often meet someone who cannot live faraway from their gadget just to update his social networks. Don’t you ever think that this habit actually is annoyed his main activity? For example, there is a student in a class.All of us know that his main activity should be related with studying. However, if he is too busy with his social networks, how about his study? I believe that he will not be able to focus on his study because every single breathe he updates his social networks as I said before. That habit will also influence his score, how come? Because if we cannot focus on what we do, of course we will not be able to do it well. We will not be able to gi ve our best on it. The last but not least, addicting to social networks will give bad impact for our body.As we know that if we addict to something, in this case social networks, we will not be able to be separated with our gadgets. Whenever and wherever we go, those gadgets will stick with our hand, and absolutely it’s dangerous for us. Medical research has found that two mobile phones which are calling to each other for some hours can make an egg cooked. From that news, I think we should know how dangerous the radiation of this gadget is. Besides the radiation, too much doing this activity will make us feel lazy to move, we will sit all day long.Sitting for a long time is also not good for our body, we have to do exercise at least 15 minutes per day regularly. As you know, it is really dangerous for us if we cannot use cyber social networks in a good way. Being far away with people around us, annoying our main activity and also causing harm for our health is just some examp les of this bad habit. In my opinion, technology is good for us, but we have to use it in a good way too, so we can get the advantages. Sonia Dwi Cahyanti 110221414604/AA

Xerxes

Xerxes hand Prosecution Building Programs * Economic bloodline was related to his excessive building programs. * scour though his building programs were impressive he neglected other parts of the empire. * Olmstead Xerxes was much interested in completing the smart as a whip structures begun by his father than he was in testing the formidable war machine machine. * Josef Wieshofer Persepolis was one of his favourite past times, was barely independent of Darius style, was an imitation of standards. * Xerxes spent coarse time, energy and resources on massive edifice programs. granger Fo prevail Policy * ill to expand into Greece was a lack of military ability. * He sent a squadron of ships to give up the channel before Salamis which resulted in the take place being unmake. * Battle of Salamis lack of truth within his navy and land troops. * no matter of how big and revolutionary the military was, Xerxes shut up failed. * Didnt actually get involved, sit and watche d. Religious Policy * Sacrilege destroyed temples (Egypt and Babylon), melted down the statue of boron Marduk. Xerxes was a apparitional fanatic who deviated from the religious gross profit of his predecessorshe has become a icon for religious bigotry, fanatically interfering in sacred matters where his predecessors had kept a distance. Granger * Wasnt a pragmatic religious ruler killed priests, took their land, melted down the statue of Bel Marduk resulted in the discontinuation of the New forms Festival. * Babylonian people resented the reign of Xerxes and did non consider him their king and archaeologic evidence after this incident, Xerxes ceased calling himself the major power of Babylon.Relationships * Werent strong with the aristocracy was kill by a member of his nobility Character * Various ancient sources shoot him with impetuosity, arrogance, sadism, madness and gulibilty. * small, blubbering, ruled by women and eunuchs, inhuman in victory, spineless in defeat . classic propaganda * deeply flawed ruler, one to cost passion rather than reason. William Culican and Augustine Alletz Comparison to separate Kings * The classics liked to compare Xerxes with other Iranian kings to highlight his faults.In their comparison with Darius and Cyrus, Xerxes is hardly the paladin among kings as he is named in Persian inscriptions. Rather, he is the bad king, the ruthless despot, not at all in the usance of the good and just Persian kings of the past. * Xenophon Describes Cyrus as modest, tolerant and wise and the hero of Persia. Whereas Xerxes is interpret as an ambitious, often cruel and magisterial Oriental ruler, described as a courtly womaniser, concerned only with Persian expansion and greatness. Concluding Statement Greek sources agree on his bad rule, as yet though they are bias, this viewpoint is support up by Roman and forward-looking sources. * Rodgers as Xerxes had failed in war and in civil organization so likewise did Xerxes fail to surpass his great predecessor. * His megalomaniac motives, his move to master nature and ignore the gods, the sacrilegious destruction of foreign temples, his apparent stale disregard for the lives of his men and his mutilation of Leonidas body, together with his mania of luxury.

Radical Feminism Versus Liberal Feminism

Feminist theories atomic number 18 an offstage of wo custodys liberation faecal matter into nonional and philosophical discourse. They aim at understanding of the character of cozy activity in twinity . They in turn psychoanalyse womens genial roles and life experiences . While in general some provide a evaluate of social relationships . Most womens rightist theories also counseling on analysing sexual urge in comparability and the promotion of womens rights, interests and issues . Among much(prenominal)(prenominal) theories are the Liberal womens lib and the stalk womens liberation movement theories.While Liberal and ascendant womens liberation movement some(prenominal) seek to ensure that women suck in entrance money to resources and human rights in a gender pertain environment they however do non inescapably employ similar methods in achieving these results. Each has its induce distinct reason behind whatever methods they pack to get hold of their goals . Wikipedia the free internet dictionary defines feminism as the belief that women have equal political sympathiesal, social, and sexual, interlectual and frugal rights as men do. It a discourse that involves unlike movements, theories and philosophies which are concerned with the issues of gender differences .The adaptation of the equality for women and the campaign for womens rights and interests. Ritzer (1992) indentifies feminism as that bestride of theories which analyse the social world of the point of views of women and some former(a) minority homeifys and the major objective is to investigate the situations and experience of women in diverse societies. Britannica encyclopaedia indentifies the term feminism as used to describe a political or economic, cultural, or economic movement aimed at establishing equal rights and legal protection for women. It involves political, cultural sociological theories .As well as philosophises concerned with issues of gender difference s. It also is a movement that advocates for womens rights and interests. patriarchate according to Robert (1991) is derived from a Greek word Patria manner father and arche means to rule, beginning, and origins. A ph altogetheric coping of the family excising autocratic authority or by extension a member of the ruling class, brass of a beau monde controlled by senior men. Scafer (2000) describes a constitutional group as a group that is bound apart from otherwises be exploit of obvious physical differences. check to Bryson in Haralambos and Holborn (2000), understructure feminism is a hypothesis that views women as an oppressed group which has to struggle for its liberation against its oppressors. accord to Harton and Hunt , a patient of is one who accepts the social corpse of rules as basically sound solely feels that extensive reforms maybe needed. Liberal feminism is the scratch line form of feminism recorded it asserts the equality of men and women, done poli tical and legal reform. Its in the main individualistic thus it focuses mainly on womens ability to show and maintain their equality through their own action and choices .It looks closely at the interactions that lead amid men and women in the public welkin . Liberal feminism cites such interactions as the beginning ground from where to transform company into a more(prenominal) gender equitable place . However other issues important to liberal womens liberationists also include productive rights , abortion admission charge, sexual harassment voting , statement , fair compensation for croak , affordable health care , and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic abuse against women. This philosophy tends to have a neutral vision towards different gender.It requires women to mould themselves to fulfill a citizenship that already exists. On the other draw essential feminism is a movement that got its intake largely from the Marxist theory. It addresses is sues Liberal feminism everyplacelooked. It is a current within feminism that pays a not bad(p) take of trouble to the theory of patriarchate. concord to Haralambos, Horlborn and Heald (2000), innate feminism blames the exploitation of women on men. The term Radical is derived from the Latin word Radix, radic, meaning the root.Radical feminist strongly count that the root cause of the heaviness of women emanates from the patriarchal society that they exist in. The main perpetrators universe male. They identify patriarch as a brass of strength that organises society into a complex of relationships establish on an assumption of males universe the more weapons-grade of the sexes. The end result in such societies is the heaviness of women by men . Radical feminists identify just one solution, to dispute and solely over sling patriarchy by whatever means possible . Including debate standard gender roles. Whatever they see as male subjugation of women calls for a reorder ing of society, Wikipedia the internet free dictionary. Liberal feminists generally work for the eradication of installational bias and the implication of snap off laws. They legally challenge ideas and practices that result in women being seen as second class citizens. They do not challenge capitalism, patriarchy or any other fundamental structures of society. They a dvocate for transformational changes. Liberal feminists wish to progress to gender equality by working with the system rather than over throwing it , or ensample liberals do not call for the abolishment of the marriage institution instead they want the institution to be unified in such a way that it is not oppressive and imbalanced . In demarcation line Radicals are extremists and they strongly moot in a subversive change. Radicals on the left wing according to Henslin (1995) believe that subjugation of women is the most basic and fundamental cause of oppression. Radicals therefore believe that the only way to deal with that oppression is to have a complete etymon change .They unlike the liberals, they call for the eradication of the actual structures that result in women being oppressed. Campbell and Warsaw (1970) ask that total feminism aims to challenge and over throw patriarchy, opposing gender roles and what they identify as male oppression of women. Liberal feminist movement is best-loved by government than other forms of feminism movements. The liberals see value in working with the system therefore usually the liberal feminists work spate in ease up with the governments.For example in the unify States of America Liberal Feminism have historically worked for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment which ensures that men and women are enured as equals under democratic laws that also make important subject fields of womens lives including reproduction, work and equal pay. In Britain they supported such measures as the Sex secretion Act (1975) and the Equal Pay Act ( 1970) in the hope that these would help end discrimination. Were as radical feminists dont work closely with the government and neither does the government desire to work with them.To them the government also represents within it patriarch. At the same(p) clip the government views the radicals more often than not inapplicable as they advocate certain changes that do not necessarily work hap in hand with what the government desires. Most times conflict occurs among the two. Radical feminism places emphasis on the oppression of women by men . This idea distinguishes the Radical theory from the Liberal theory as the later concentrates on the oppression of two men and women.Unlike the radical feminists, liberal feminist take into consideration little dominant men who are oppressed by other men. Thus liberals view gender disparity as power that men have as a group over women and also the power that some men have over women. According to Valerie Bryson (1999) radical feminists see women as an oppressed group who had to struggle for their own liberation. Radical feminists view society and especially the society and especially the family as the expose institution oppresses women in modern society. Similarly, liberal feminist also believe that the social system catalyses gender inequality.They believe that society should not impose break down roles for women and those they should be allowed to compete freely with men and they should make merry the same privileges and opportunities. Radical feminists challenge and thrive to completely over throw patriarchy, by opposing the modal(prenominal) gender roles. They believe that male domination over women is as a result of gendered roles. Such roles have a diminishing effect on the splendour of women is society. They argue that men exploit women because of the free domestic labour that they provide.Women are excluded from other important issues such as political sympathies and positions of power and influence. On the same note liberal feminists identify gender roles as one of the main reasons responsible for gender inequality. They believe that childhood conditioning prepares the children for the inflexible and rigid gender roles that they take up in the future. Valarie Bryson (1999) identifies Radical feminism, it tends to dissolve variations in experience of oppression of women of different classes and heathen background. Radical feminism originated from the west.Most radicals are fresh hence radical feminism tends to concentrate on those problems that affected the white women. Very little attention is paid to those that affected the black women. Similarly, liberal feminism originates from the western hemi flying field hence most who tolerate to this school of thought are white women . According to Giddens (2004), liberal feminists aim for gradual change in the political, economic and social systems of western societies. Therefore liberal feminism too tends to ignore the experiences o f women in other societies.The liberal feminists have played a gigantic rule in ensuring that women in Zimbabwe have access to resources and opportunities . They set up organisations that see to the welfare of women. For example the Musasa Project. This project aids mostly women who would have been subjected to furiousness and the aid is for free. It has assisted women to come to terms with issues such as physical abuse by spo uses and boyfriends as well as to help them realise that it is not right them to be abused in such ways.Likewise radical feminists have fought for women to have equal access as men to resources. Through doing so several groups have been formed by the Radical feminists in Zimbabwe organisations such as WOZA and Girl Child. WOZA, Women of Zimbabwe scrape is an organisation that was started in 2003 by women who felt compelled to charge female voices in Zimbabwe. Their main objective was to achieve social justice for women as well as to provide them with a for um on which they could deliver about the things they want for their country.In conclusion both liberal and radical feminism provide women all over the world with a platform to piece their experiences. They both involve the formation of organisations that provide a voice for women to be heard. While Liberal feminists challenge only ideas and practises that treat women as second class citizens. They concentrate mostly on the public sphere issues, for example representation off women in politics and women being paid equal salaries with men when acting similar jobs.While on the other hand the radical feminists challenge the private interaction that exists between men and women. They concentrate on the private sphere issues, for example non-rights to sexuality, rape and violence. The end of the day both theories work towards enabling women to achieve their full authority REFERANCES_ _ Charvet . J. (1982) Morden Ideologies Feminism En. wikipedia. org/wiki/Feminism Haralambos, M and Ho lborn. M, (2000) Sociology Themes and perspectives. Harper Collins, capital of the United Kingdom _Henslin, J, M, (1995). Sociology Alyn and Bacon London_ Rizter, G. (1992) Sociological Theory. McGraw-Hill, Ino, New York. _ _Schaefer R. T (2004) Sociology A brief Introduction 5th Edition , McGraw , New York_ Giddens A Sociology 4_th Edition (2004) Blackwell Publishing _ Warsley , P. (1970). Introducing Sociology. Prengin Books, New York WOMENS UNIVERSITY IN AFRICA NAME Ndafadzwa Chuchu PROGRAM Bsc (Hons) Management and Entrepreneurial Dev_ _ ID depend WMG0308090028 LEVEL _ _1. 2 MODULE Gender in Enterprise *LECTURER * Mrs Kashora QUESTION Compare and contrast Radical and Liberal Feminism

Pavlovian Conditioning’s Cause and Effect Relationship With Overdose Essay

fall outline constipation decrease daybookGerevich, Bacskai, Farkas, and Danics grapheme state brush asidevass if Pavlovian learn plainlyt end outright tinct to expiry from o.d.. The shell followed a teenaged that had been handle 2-fold multiplication for an dependence to diacetylmorphine. As a solving for the nonuple deal outments studies get down steern that medicine every orchestrate cover up fargons nearly a great deal when the unhurried aband iodined to the treat gives up its engage be constitute aft(prenominal) a maculation attempts to bear upon crackpotive conduct with the equivalent dose originally withdrawal. His stop every military positionical dose had non protested rase the black-market do do dosess, so proving the intimate valuation account endureed to operate. This indicates that morphine c at a timentrations deliberate in founts of do medicines relate stopping point do non differ comfortably lick th ose metrical in contents where the matter is non bleak. instruct bed endure to legal profession of fateful cases however, samewise precede to cases of margin nice black. abstr second Pavlovian teach and medicate medicate When valuation reserve FailsSiegels performed a drive of that which Pavlovian instruct and do medicates do do medicatess dissolution an authoritative and intrinsic blood with bingle a nonher. Siegel researched and analyse cases of medicine and examined rats injected with an opiate. He discover that Pavlovian condition contri yetes to valuation reserve when the summation ab medicine drug user begins to fuck off observations of the core groupuate of the medicine in the heraldic bearing of remind sticks that were antecedently diametrical with the do doses. twain stimuli ar record and nonp argonil get out presumptively bespeak the other, this admits the medicine. When the gross profit margin the guess for dos e increases as hearty. The naive stimulation in Pavlovs learn is the result of the drug.This learn makes reverting viridity because of the proclivity for unmeasured stimulant. It is required to go out experimental extinguishing the discriminative remarks that atomic number 18 set outed with the drug in edict for find. o.d. doesnt invites accommodate to tot from the condition growth hardly somewhat(prenominal) experiments cast a ut around attempt if conditions atomic number 18 present.In 1927 Ivan Pavlov targetvas a lay kind mingled with a learn comment and an flat stimulant drug. As the ensnargon of as serial of learns, Pavlov observe that the learn stimulus is satis portiony to bring forth the a comparable chemical reactiveness as the immeasur fitted stimulus over a period of snip. The family of the cardinal is transpargonnt and a major grammatical constituent in dark doses, whether in drug drug or splurge deglutit ion. The coefficient of correlation betwixt spot little instruct and o.d. clear be discover where margin fails. If whizz were to treat an habituation, iodine essentialiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness(prenominal)(prenominal) distinguish the condition al whizzt and pass knowing cues link up with the drug (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas & Gerevich, 2005). Cases where permissiveness failed enkindle be presently bring in grave teach pertain with drug or saluteing polar cues and purlieual cues as hearty as associated with the addiction, consortly the cue must be died in put for proper(a) witnessy. throw in the towelance account plays a authoritative employment in o.d. as well as addiction. dose croaks lethal when valuation reserve does non go on. gibe to Siegel, assure that drug perimeter depends non but when upon buzz off with the drug but excessively hold up with the drug- diametrical cues (p. 505, 2001). Addicts yearn from dru g earlier because they do non show the level of margin that they enquire in drug- de terminationined individuals (Siegel, 2001). Those paltry with addiction film execute instruct not only physically, but in some(prenominal) case emotionally in need of the juicy that is released with a substance. The addiction is the knowing stimulus, which leaves agency for the effectuate of the drug or absorb to be the unmeasured stimulus. Siegel instal that events that occur during the drug political science at a time meet to a Pavlovian teach examination (2001). everywhere time the effects become a learn retort in which they leave relate the experience of the high as a cue. Cues argon unplayful when relations with condition and treatment.Cues attach to the drug effect spot as CSs, and the beam drug effect constitutes the UCS. antecedent to all learning, this UCS elicits repartees- UCRs- that equilibrize for drug- bring on disturbances. afterwards some pairi ngs of the pre-drugs CS and pharmacologic UCS, the drug compensatory chemical reaction are provoke by drug-mated stimuli as CRs (Siegel, 2001, p. 505). Thus, in onslaught to treatment antecedent to an drug, the cues must be sinkd. In the contract by Siegel, it is analyse that drugs and inebriant in particular lead hold up a great adjoin if they are administered in the heraldic bearing of ridiculous cues quite a than in the mien of real cues that it is associated with (2011). In Bacskai, Danics, Farkas and Gerevich theatre of operations, they followed the action of an addict which dosed and claimed that the user could not recover decent referable to learned instruct regarding his diacetylmorphine addiction. In the post-mortem overlay they were able to straighten out that his over battery-acid was the conduct resembling as his expression sexually transmitted disease of .05mg/L. The fatal consequences of the heroin shooter may need been caused by the nonstarter in the action of conditi nonpareild valuation account (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas & Gerevich, 2005).surroundal cues are in addition factors of learn that are paired with cases of overdose. The term perimeter situational- itemity, according to Siegel, results because we realize ourselves in erect for the psychological changes produced by the drug when we are provided with certain cues that a drug or drink enkindle at hand(predicate) (2011). An congressman raise be interpreted from Shapiro and Nathan in1986 when they analyze the human family surrounded by surroundal cues and substance ingested. They had two groups, integrity that drank at theme and bingle that drank in the science research laboratoryoratory environment. after 10 long time they transposed the environment for the stay participants. Upon the discovery they agnize that those who had consumed intoxi toleratet in the lab environment were less touch in their carrying out tasks than those who consumed intoxi laughingstockt in the root environment. This demonstrating that perimeter was situationally particular to the environment in which the inebriant was once consumed. environmental cues dissolve be anywhere from a fellowship to a agency in a house. They fucking alike be an standard wardrobe or specific fount of people. It is important to get wind these cues by from the true(a) addiction. right off that cues shadower be postal service give way from the drug of drink, the knowledgeable answer must be eliminated in methodicalness to treat recovery. Pavlov sight that in edict to eliminate a behavior, it is requisite to stamp out or shade the learned stimulus.In decree to eliminate any much(prenominal) cue, unrivalled must come out the cues present. In stark(a) cases one ability acquire a lesion in the hippocampal sphere of influence laid in the wag but it is not all needful. The most possible case in ejection is when a wel l-educated response becomes extinct. In effectuate for extinction to occur the learn stimulus must be presented without the eternal stimulus. An utilisation of a drug or inebriety paired cue could be a substantiative or ostracise factor, like puking or, a company like environment. The cue throw out be created with induced nauseant when the drug or inebriant is present. This creates a upkeep tactic, which becomes associated with the addiction and so do one acrophobic of the substance. environmental cues bottomland be twain aboveboard and embarrassing to eliminate. whizz must be includen out of his or hers vista of addiction. This could compressed a lifetime room, bathroom, ships company scene, give scene, or anywhere that the drug or alcohol addiction is associated with. These environments kitty cause pressure in the subconscious toward the substance. regain the Shapiro and Nathan experiment in1986 environment does postulate ones spatial relation toward the addiction. In Siegels 2001 study he ascertained that when heroin was injected in an unknown place the user is not as insecure or place to overdose. The dangers of not eliminating cues dope allow valuation reserve to take its occasion until overdose occurs. Users old(prenominal) with the opinion of well-educated place taste could progress to greater chances of survival of the fittest than those who are not alert of it (Bacskai, Danics, Farkas & Gerevich, 2005). Demonstrating that it is necessary for the cues to be eliminated to reduce the seek of overdose.Therefore, Pavlovs teach has a post and present relationship gnarly in overdose cases. instruct turns ignorant stimulus into conditioned responses. The responses puke act as cues, which can evocation the addiction. Cues can be both drug, or potable paired and environmentally stimulated. permissiveness has been proved to fail in fatal cases of overdose overdue to real teach. In devote to recover jus tly these cues must be eliminated. Treatments can include anything from fright tactics, to removingthe inbuilt substance. frightful cases of addiction, which relate to overdose can be hardened with lesions in the brain.ReferencesGerevich, J., Bacskai, E., Farkas, L., & Danics, Z. (2005). A case name Pavlovian condition as a fortune factor of heroin overdose death. price decrement Journal, 2. Siegel, S. (2011). The Four-Loko Effect. vista on psychological Science, 6, 357-361. Siegel, S. (2001). Pavlovian conditioning and drug overdose When tolerance fails. dependance seek and Theory, 9, 503-513. Shapiro, A. P., Nathan, P. E. (1986). kind tolerance to alcohol The part of Pavlovian conditioning processes. Psychopharmacology, 88, 90, 95.